Validity and Reliability in Research

What is the definition of Ecological Validity?

• The extent to which we can generalise the findings from the current situation.

• The extent to which we can generalise the findings from the participants used in the study.

• The extent to which we can generalise the findings from the time the study was produced.

• The extent to which we can generalise the findings.

What does Population Validity refer to?

• The extent to which we can generalise the findings from the participants used in the study.

• The extent to which we can generalise the findings from the current situation.

• The extent to which we can generalise the findings from the time the study was produced.

• The extent to which we can generalise the findings.

How is Internal Reliability tested?

• Split half method.

• Test retest.

• Order effects.

• No participant variables.

What is an advantage of the Repeated Measures Design?

• No Participant Variables.

• Order effects.

• Participant Variables.

• Time consuming.

What is a disadvantage of the Matched Pairs Design?

• Time consuming/May still have some PV.

• No order effects.

• No participant variables.

• No order effects or participant variables.

What is the Hawthorne effect?

• Participants may alter their behavior if they know they are being observed.

• Participants may respond in a way that may put them in a negative light.

• Participants may ignore the study's aim.

• Participants may refuse to participate.

What is Social Desirability Bias?

• Participants may respond truthfully regardless of consequences.

• Participants may respond in a way that may put them in a better light.

• Participants may refuse to answer questions.

• Participants may alter their behavior if they know they are being observed.

What are Investigator effects?

• Effects that occur naturally without any intervention.

• Anything that the investigator does which has an effect on a participant's performance, which was not intended.

• Effects that are always positive and enhance the study.

• Effects that are only observed in field experiments.

What are Demand Characteristics?

• A cue that makes participants aware of the aim of the study or how they are meant to behave.

• Characteristics that are always present in natural experiments.

• Characteristics that are irrelevant to the study.

• A cue that makes participants unaware of the study's aim.

What is an advantage of Lab experiments?

• Less extraneous variables = Higher internal validity.

• High ecological validity.

• Avoids social desirability bias.

• No cause and effect.