PSGY2012 Revision 2024-2025

Features of recovered memories include all of the following EXCEPT:

• An experience of discovering

• A period in which the experience has been forgotten (unaware)

• Do not believe that a long lost memory was discovered

• A true event

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of spaced learning compared to cramming?

• Improved long-term retention of information

• Enhanced retrieval practice through repeated exposure

• Increased cognitive load during study sessions

• Better ability to transfer knowledge to new situations

Characteristics of false memories include all of the following EXCEPT:

• Involvement of suggestive information

• Memories that can be vividly recalled

• Confidence in the accuracy of the memory

• Details that are consistent with the actual event

What is the approximate ratio of total photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a typical human retina? Ie what is (rods+cones)/RGCs?

• 12.7

• 0.127

• 127

• 1.27

What is the main role of the fovea in the human eye?

• To support night vision

• To provide the highest visual acuity

• To detect peripheral vision

• To process color information

What is the primary function of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?

• To process visual information before it reaches the brain

• To convert light into neural signals

• To support the structure of the retina

• To transmit visual information from the retina to the brain

Which of these is NOT an example of a cognitive bias:

• The Krankenhauser paradox

• Framing

• The law of small numbers

• The conjunction fallacy

Prevalence of a disease = 0.1%. Test is: False positive = 5%. Always detects the disease if it exists.

• Positive test means probability of having disease = 82%

• Positive test means probability of having disease = 2%

• Positive test means probability of having disease = 95%

• Positive test means probability of having disease = 5%

Which of the following statements about cognitive biases is TRUE?

• Cognitive biases can be easily eliminated through education

• Cognitive biases are always beneficial for decision-making

• They can lead to systematic errors in judgment

• They are only present in individuals with low intelligence

What factor can affect the depth of processing in language?

• Ambiguity

• Expertise

• Focus

• None of them