ULTIMATE REVIEWER FOR EARTH SCIENCE

Which of the following does not describe a scientific theory?

• A well-supported explanation backed by evidence

• An observable phenomenon described repeatedly

• A tool to predict future occurrences

• A framework connecting multiple hypotheses

A hypothesis must be testable and:

• Logical

• Falsifiable

• Creative

• Definitive

How does a theory differ from a scientific law?

• Laws explain why phenomena happen; theories describe patterns.

• Theories explain phenomena; laws describe regular occurrences.

• Theories rely on experimental data; laws are purely observational.

• Laws are fixed; theories are subject to change.

What evidence supports the idea that the universe is expanding?

• The detection of cosmic microwave background radiation

• The presence of gravitational waves

• The redshift in light from distant galaxies

• Observations of active black holes

During the nucleosynthesis of the early universe, which element was not commonly formed?

• Hydrogen

• Helium

• Carbon

• Beryllium

Who proposed the concept of an expanding universe in 1927?

• Georges Lemaître

• Edwin Hubble

• Max Planck

• Robert Wilson

Which process in the carbon cycle directly removes CO₂ from the atmosphere?

• Cellular respiration

• Photosynthesis

• Deforestation

• Volcanic activity

The nitrogen cycle heavily depends on:

• Nitrogen fixation by certain bacteria

• Oxygen cycling through plants

• Decomposition by microorganisms

• Energy from animal respiration

What makes the phosphorus cycle distinct from other biogeochemical cycles?

• It involves interactions with gases in the atmosphere.

• It does not include a gaseous phase.

• It depends on volcanic eruptions.

• It relies on transport through the hydrosphere.

What is an essential property of a mineral?

• Composed of organic molecules

• Naturally formed with a crystalline structure

• Amorphous atomic arrangement

• High electrical conductivity