Voting Systems in Portugal

In the majoritarian system, for the vote to be valid, voters must:

• assign points to each candidate.

• mark the options they understand or even vote blank.

• mark only one option on the ballot.

• mark their options on the ballot in order of preference.

To calculate the percentage of votes for each candidate, one must divide the number of votes obtained by the candidate:

• by the total number of people who did not vote (abstention), and multiply by 100.

• by the total number of people eligible to vote, and multiply by 100.

• by the total number of people who voted, and multiply by 100.

• by the total number of validly expressed votes, and multiply by 100.

For a candidate to win by absolute majority:

• Must have more than half of the validly expressed votes.

• Must have more votes than the other candidates.

• Must have more than half of the votes.

• Must have at least two-thirds of the validly expressed votes.

For a candidate to win by qualified majority:

• It must be defined what the criterion is, more rigorous than in absolute majority.

• Everyone must vote for him.

• Must have more votes than the other candidates.

• Must have more than half of the votes.

The absolute majority applies to elect the President of the Republic in Portugal. If none of the candidates receives more than half of the votes in the first vote, the following occurs:

• Sequential votes are held, eliminating the least voted candidate each time until a candidate with more votes than the others is obtained.

• Sequential votes are held, eliminating the least voted candidate each time until a candidate with more than half of the votes is obtained.

• A second vote is held, and the candidate with the most votes wins.

• A second vote is held, only with the two candidates most voted in the first round, and the candidate with the most votes wins.

In the preferential system, which method allows a candidate to win simply by having more votes than the others?

• Simple Run-off elimination.

• Sequential Run-off elimination.

• Plurality.

• Coombs.

There are Run Off elimination methods. When applying any of these methods, a candidate wins only when:

• All votes are for that candidate.

• He was never chosen as the last preference.

• He obtains more votes than the other candidates.

• He obtains an absolute majority.

There is a method in which, to determine the winner, it may be necessary to eliminate candidates with the highest number of last preferences. What is it called?

• Coombs method.

• Borda method.

• Simple Run-off elimination method.

• Sequential Run-off elimination method.

What is the method called by which a candidate wins if he has a higher score than the others?

• Borda method.

• Condorcet method.

• Sequential Run-off elimination method.

• Coombs method.

When applying the Condorcet method, the Condorcet Paradox can occur. This paradox consists of:

• A candidate loses all direct confrontations he enters.

• There is no candidate with the highest number of votes.

• A candidate wins all direct confrontations he enters.

• No candidate has the highest number of victories in direct confrontations, making it impossible to determine a winner.