Stats

Which of the following study designs is used to identify the relationship between exposure and outcome?

• Case control study

• Cross-sectional surveys

• Case series

• Cohort study

What is a benefit of using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in clinical research?

• It allows researchers to study a large number of participants without considering ethical concerns.

• It eliminates the need for a control group to compare outcomes.

• It reduces selection bias by randomly assigning participants to treatment and control groups.

• It ensures that the treatment being tested will always be effective.

Propensity-score matching has which of the following impacts on a trial?

• Decreases confounding variables

• Decreases selection bias

• Increases external validity

• Increases recall bias

A study is conducted to determine whether SGLT2i use is associated with an increased risk of developing yeast infections. The resulting odds ratio for yeast infections with SGLT2i exposure was 1.5 (95% CI 1.1-1.6). Which of the following is correct?

• SGLT2i exposure is not associated with an increased risk of yeast infections

• SGLT2i exposure increases the risk of yeast infections by 50%

• SGLT2i exposure decreases the risk of yeast infections by 50%

• SGLT2i exposure increases the risk of yeast infections by 150%

T/F: A sensitivity test helps rule out a disease when the test is negative.

• True

• False

If the absolute risk reduction is 0.05, what is the number needed to treat?

• 50

• 30

• 1

• 20

Which of the following trial designs has the greatest strength of evidence?

• Quasi-experimental studies

• Cohort study

• Cross-sectional surveys

• Case control

Which of the following characteristics is most likely to describe a trial with high external validity?

• The trial is conducted in a highly controlled laboratory setting with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria.

• The trial uses a large and diverse sample that represents the general population.

• The trial focuses on a very specific, rare population with little variability in characteristics.

• The trial only measures short-term effects, excluding long-term outcomes.

T/F: In a non-inferiority trial, the goal is to demonstrate that a new treatment is not worse than an existing treatment by more than a pre-specified margin.

• True

• False

Your colleague is conducting research on the efficacy of a new insulin for T2DM. For her research paper, she wants to include a measure of the proportion of individuals in the U.S who currently have diabetes. Which of the following should be used to describe this?

• Incidence of T2DM

• Prevalence of T2DM