Cognitive Development and Learning Theories

What are Piaget’s four cognitive developmental stages?

• Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational

• Preconventional, Conventional, Post conventional

• Authoritative, Permissive, Uninvolved, Authoritarian

• Trust vs mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame/doubt, Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs inferiority

Which of the following best describes Kohlberg’s preconventional stage of moral development?

• Broad principles of morality are adopted

• Avoid punishment and desire for rewards

• Membership in society becomes important

• Logical thought and loss of egocentrism

Which parenting style is characterized by high warmth and high control?

• Authoritative

• Permissive

• Uninvolved

• Authoritarian

What is Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

• A child’s ability to solve problems independently

• Things a child can achieve with the help of someone more mature

• The development of language and symbolic thinking

• The ability to think abstractly and logically

Which attachment style is characterized by a child’s emotional and physical needs being met, and the child looking to the parent for guidance?

• Ambivalent

• Avoidant

• Secure

• Disorganized

What is the concept of conservation in terms of cognition?

• Understanding that the rearrangement of physical or visual objects does not change the amount

• The ability to think abstractly and logically

• The development of language and symbolic thinking

• The ability to solve problems independently

What is an example of confirmation bias?

• Seeking out information that confirms what one already believes

• Generating multiple responses to a problem

• Viewing a problem as having one solution

• Judging probability based on ease of recalling examples

Which heuristic involves judging the probability of an event occurring based on how easy it is to think of examples?

• Familiarity heuristic

• Present heuristic

• Availability heuristic

• Inductive reasoning

What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

• Language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning

• Language shapes and may determine how people perceive the world

• Humans are biologically prewired to learn language

• Language development is determined by genetic and social factors

What is the Flynn effect?

• The decline of fluid intelligence with age

• The increase in average IQ test scores over generations

• The accumulation of facts over time

• The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its intended use