Literasi bhs. Inggris

The present study sought to document the word reading and comprehension levels attained hildren who were implanted by 5 year of age. as hypothesized that the improved speech perception abilities acquired with cochlear implantation would promote phonological coding skills. (1) ... ...

Three subtests of diagnostic reading assessment batteries standardized on hearing children were administered to 181 children between 8 year 0 month and 9 year 11 month of age who had 4 to 6 years of implant experience. (2).... It included a lexical decision task, a rhyme task, and the digit span subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

Over half of the children scored within the average range for their age compared with the normative data for hearing children. (3) ... They were higher nonverbal intelligence, higher family socioeconomic status, and later onset of deafness between birth and 36 months.

(Adapted from Journal of Ear and Hearing)

Question: 1. Which option best completes (1)?

• A. The following paragraph would discuss the findings of the study.

• B. The implantation was eventually shown to be successful.

• C. The objective of the study was to see the subjects' reading skills.

• D. The finding showed that the hypothesis was accepted.

The present study sought to document the word reading and comprehension levels attained hildren who were implanted by 5 year of age. as hypothesized that the improved speech perception abilities acquired with cochlear implantation would promote phonological coding skills. (1) ... ...

Three subtests of diagnostic reading assessment batteries standardized on hearing children were administered to 181 children between 8 year 0 month and 9 year 11 month of age who had 4 to 6 years of implant experience. (2).... It included a lexical decision task, a rhyme task, and the digit span subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

Over half of the children scored within the average range for their age compared with the normative data for hearing children. (3) ... They were higher nonverbal intelligence, higher family socioeconomic status, and later onset of deafness between birth and 36 months.

(Adapted from Journal of Ear and Hearing)

Question: Which option best completes (2)?

• A. In addition, a battery of processing measures was administered.

• B. However, standard measurement was applied to test the subjects.

• C. Consequently, the assessment was used to evaluate the reading skills.

• D. Likewise, the children were obliged to take a reading test.

The present study sought to document the word reading and comprehension levels attained hildren who were implanted by 5 year of age. as hypothesized that the improved speech perception abilities acquired with cochlear implantation would promote phonological coding skills. (1) ... ...

Three subtests of diagnostic reading assessment batteries standardized on hearing children were administered to 181 children between 8 year 0 month and 9 year 11 month of age who had 4 to 6 years of implant experience. (2).... It included a lexical decision task, a rhyme task, and the digit span subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

Over half of the children scored within the average range for their age compared with the normative data for hearing children. (3) ... They were higher nonverbal intelligence, higher family socioeconomic status, and later onset of deafness between birth and 36 months.

(Adapted from Journal of Ear and Hearing)

Question: Which option best completes (3)?

• A. The subjects consisted of different age children.

• B. Reading competence was associated with three aspects.

• C. The results were categorized based on the subjects' status.

• D. Data were collected on the basis of several different items.

Carbon dating can be used to estimate the age of any organic natural material; it has been used successfully in archeology to determine the age of ancient artifacts or fossils as well as in a variety of other fields. The principle underlying the use of carbon dating is that carbon is a part of all living Line things on Earth. Since a radioactive substance such as carbon-14 has a known half-life, the amount of carbon-14 remaining in an object can be used to date that object.

Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,570 years, which means that after that number of years half of the carbon-14 atoms have decayed into nitrogen-14. It is the ratio of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14 in that substance that indicates the age of the substance. If, for example, in a particular sample the amount of carbon-14 is roughly equivalent to the amount of nitrogen-14, this indicates that roughly half of the carbon-14 has decayed into nitrogen-14, and the sample is approximately 5,570 years old.

Carbon dating cannot be used effectively in dating objects that are older than 80,000 years. When objects are that old, much of the carbon-14 has already decayed into nitrogen-14, and the minuscule amount that is left does not provide a reliable measurement of age. In the case of older objects, other age-dating methods are available, methods which use radioactive atoms with longer half-lives than carbon has.

Question: This passage is mainly about....

• A. one method of dating old objects

• B. archeology and the study of ancient artifacts

• C. various uses for carbon

• D. the differences between carbon-14 and nitrogen-14

Carbon dating can be used to estimate the age of any organic natural material; it has been used successfully in archeology to determine the age of ancient artifacts or fossils as well as in a variety of other fields. The principle underlying the use of carbon dating is that carbon is a part of all living Line things on Earth. Since a radioactive substance such as carbon-14 has a known half-life, the amount of carbon-14 remaining in an object can be used to date that object.

Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,570 years, which means that after that number of years half of the carbon-14 atoms have decayed into nitrogen-14. It is the ratio of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14 in that substance that indicates the age of the substance. If, for example, in a particular sample the amount of carbon-14 is roughly equivalent to the amount of nitrogen-14, this indicates that roughly half of the carbon-14 has decayed into nitrogen-14, and the sample is approximately 5,570 years old.

Carbon dating cannot be used effectively in dating objects that are older than 80,000 years. When objects are that old, much of the carbon-14 has already decayed into nitrogen-14, and the minuscule amount that is left does not provide a reliable measurement of age. In the case of older objects, other age-dating methods are available, methods which use radioactive atoms with longer half-lives than carbon has.

Question: The word "estimate" in line 1 is closest in meaning to...

• A. rate

• B. approximate

• C. hide

• D. understand

Carbon dating can be used to estimate the age of any organic natural material; it has been used successfully in archeology to determine the age of ancient artifacts or fossils as well as in a variety of other fields. The principle underlying the use of carbon dating is that carbon is a part of all living Line things on Earth. Since a radioactive substance such as carbon-14 has a known half-life, the amount of carbon-14 remaining in an object can be used to date that object.

Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,570 years, which means that after that number of years half of the carbon-14 atoms have decayed into nitrogen-14. It is the ratio of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14 in that substance that indicates the age of the substance. If, for example, in a particular sample the amount of carbon-14 is roughly equivalent to the amount of nitrogen-14, this indicates that roughly half of the carbon-14 has decayed into nitrogen-14, and the sample is approximately 5,570 years old.

Carbon dating cannot be used effectively in dating objects that are older than 80,000 years. When objects are that old, much of the carbon-14 has already decayed into nitrogen-14, and the minuscule amount that is left does not provide a reliable measurement of age. In the case of older objects, other age-dating methods are available, methods which use radioactive atoms with longer half-lives than carbon has.

Question: The pronoun "it" in line 1 refers to...

• A. the age

• B. any organic natural material

• C. carbon dating

• D. archeology

Carbon dating can be used to estimate the age of any organic natural material; it has been used successfully in archeology to determine the age of ancient artifacts or fossils as well as in a variety of other fields. The principle underlying the use of carbon dating is that carbon is a part of all living Line things on Earth. Since a radioactive substance such as carbon-14 has a known half-life, the amount of carbon-14 remaining in an object can be used to date that object.

Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,570 years, which means that after that number of years half of the carbon-14 atoms have decayed into nitrogen-14. It is the ratio of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14 in that substance that indicates the age of the substance. If, for example, in a particular sample the amount of carbon-14 is roughly equivalent to the amount of nitrogen-14, this indicates that roughly half of the carbon-14 has decayed into nitrogen-14, and the sample is approximately 5,570 years old.

Carbon dating cannot be used effectively in dating objects that are older than 80,000 years. When objects are that old, much of the carbon-14 has already decayed into nitrogen-14, and the minuscule amount that is left does not provide a reliable measurement of age. In the case of older objects, other age-dating methods are available, methods which use radioactive atoms with longer half-lives than carbon has.

Question: Which of the following is NOT true about carbon-14?

• A. Its half-life is more than 5,000 years.

• B. It and nitrogen always exist in equal amounts in any substance.

• C. It is radioactive

• D. It can decay into nitrogen-14

Carbon dating can be used to estimate the age of any organic natural material; it has been used successfully in archeology to determine the age of ancient artifacts or fossils as well as in a variety of other fields. The principle underlying the use of carbon dating is that carbon is a part of all living Line things on Earth. Since a radioactive substance such as carbon-14 has a known half-life, the amount of carbon-14 remaining in an object can be used to date that object.

Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,570 years, which means that after that number of years half of the carbon-14 atoms have decayed into nitrogen-14. It is the ratio of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14 in that substance that indicates the age of the substance. If, for example, in a particular sample the amount of carbon-14 is roughly equivalent to the amount of nitrogen-14, this indicates that roughly half of the carbon-14 has decayed into nitrogen-14, and the sample is approximately 5,570 years old.

Carbon dating cannot be used effectively in dating objects that are older than 80,000 years. When objects are that old, much of the carbon-14 has already decayed into nitrogen-14, and the minuscule amount that is left does not provide a reliable measurement of age. In the case of older objects, other age-dating methods are available, methods which use radioactive atoms with longer half-lives than carbon has.

Question: The word "underlying" in line 3 could best be replaced by....

• A. serving as a basis for

• B. below

• C. requiring

• D. being studied through

Carbon dating can be used to estimate the age of any organic natural material; it has been used successfully in archeology to determine the age of ancient artifacts or fossils as well as in a variety of other fields. The principle underlying the use of carbon dating is that carbon is a part of all living Line things on Earth. Since a radioactive substance such as carbon-14 has a known half-life, the amount of carbon-14 remaining in an object can be used to date that object.

Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,570 years, which means that after that number of years half of the carbon-14 atoms have decayed into nitrogen-14. It is the ratio of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14 in that substance that indicates the age of the substance. If, for example, in a particular sample the amount of carbon-14 is roughly equivalent to the amount of nitrogen-14, this indicates that roughly half of the carbon-14 has decayed into nitrogen-14, and the sample is approximately 5,570 years old.

Carbon dating cannot be used effectively in dating objects that are older than 80,000 years. When objects are that old, much of the carbon-14 has already decayed into nitrogen-14, and the minuscule amount that is left does not provide a reliable measurement of age. In the case of older objects, other age-dating methods are available, methods which use radioactive atoms with longer half-lives than carbon has.

Question: It can be inferred from the passage that if an item contains more carbon-14 than nitrogen-14, then the item is....

• A. too old to be age-dated with carbon-14.

• B. more than 5,570 years old

• C. not as much as 5,570 years old

• D. too radioactive to be used by archeologists.

Carbon dating can be used to estimate the age of any organic natural material; it has been used successfully in archeology to determine the age of ancient artifacts or fossils as well as in a variety of other fields. The principle underlying the use of carbon dating is that carbon is a part of all living Line things on Earth. Since a radioactive substance such as carbon-14 has a known half-life, the amount of carbon-14 remaining in an object can be used to date that object.

Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,570 years, which means that after that number of years half of the carbon-14 atoms have decayed into nitrogen-14. It is the ratio of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14 in that substance that indicates the age of the substance. If, for example, in a particular sample the amount of carbon-14 is roughly equivalent to the amount of nitrogen-14, this indicates that roughly half of the carbon-14 has decayed into nitrogen-14, and the sample is approximately 5,570 years old.

Carbon dating cannot be used effectively in dating objects that are older than 80,000 years. When objects are that old, much of the carbon-14 has already decayed into nitrogen-14, and the minuscule amount that is left does not provide a reliable measurement of age. In the case of older objects, other age-dating methods are available, methods which use radioactive atoms with longer half-lives than carbon has.

Question: The expression "roughly equivalent" in line 9 could best be replaced by....

• A. approximately equal

• B. similar in all respects

• C. exactly the same

• D. rather ambivalent