Introduction to Epidemiology

What is Epidemiology?

• The study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.

• A basic science of public health.

• A highly quantitative discipline based on principles of statistics and research methodologies.

• All of the above.

What are the three essential components of Epidemiology?

• Disease Distribution, Disease Determinants, Disease Frequency

• Agent, Host, Environment

• Descriptive, Analytical, Applied

• None of the above

What does the Epidemiologic Triangle consist of?

• Agent, Host, Environment

• Disease, Symptoms, Treatment

• Population, Control, Distribution

• None of the above

What is Herd Immunity?

• Resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based on the immunity of a high proportion of individual members of the group.

• Immunity of an individual to a specific disease.

• The ability of a community to control disease outbreaks.

• None of the above

What are the modes of transmission in Epidemiology?

• Direct transmission

• Indirect transmission

• Vehicle-borne transmission

• All of the above

What is the definition of Endemic?

• Constant presence of a disease within a geographical area.

• Occurrence in a community of cases of an illness clearly in excess of normal expectancy.

• An outbreak of exceptional proportion spreading quickly from one area to another.

• None of the above

What is the role of the environment in disease?

• It enhances or diminishes the survival of the agent.

• It serves to bring agent and host into contact.

• It acts as a reservoir that fosters the survival of infectious disease agents.

• All of the above

What are the two types of immunity?

• Non-specific resistance and Specific resistance

• Active and Passive immunity

• Natural and Artificial immunity

• All of the above

What is the definition of a Pandemic?

• An outbreak of exceptional proportion spreading quickly from one area to another.

• Constant presence of a disease within a geographical area.

• Occurrence of a few cases every now and then.

• None of the above

What is the definition of Sporadic?

• Intermittent presence of a disease.

• Constant presence of a disease within a geographical area.

• Occurrence in a community of cases of an illness clearly in excess of normal expectancy.

• None of the above