Cell specialization, differentiation and stems cells

The process of a cell developing into a certain type has two names, what are they?

• Replication

• Translation

• Differentiation

• Specialization

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Cells differentiate to perform different functions because

• all genes are turned on inside that cell

• all genes are turned off inside that cell

• different genes are turned on inside that cell

• different genes are turned on or off inside that cell

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There are about 200 cells in the human body. All these cells have the same DNA. True or False?

• True

• False

• maybe

• it depends upon the type

Unspecialized cells in our body that has the ability to differentiate into different types of cells are called

• specialized cells

• differentiated cells

• nerve cells

• stem cells

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While all of the cells in an individual are derived from a single cell, they can differentiate to take on many different types of structure and function. Cells can become specialized because –

• mutations can alter the molecular structure of cell membranes

• each cell expresses a different combination of genes

• scientists have discovered how to alter the DNA sequences of humans

• different cells utilize various forms of RNA nucleotides

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Stem cells can replace specialized cells within damaged tissue. Once they are in place, stem cells receive chemical signals which activate the appropriate set of genes. This demonstrates that which of the following plays a role in cell differentiation?

• radiation

• environment

• antibodies

• blood type

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Bone cells are different than brain cells because bone cells –

• do not undergo cell division

• cannot maintain homeostasis

• contain charged ions

• express different genes

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What is the role of stem cells in cell differentiation?

• They serve as a precursor for generalized cells

• These cells can turn into specialized cells and back into generalized cells when needed

• They are generalized cells that can lead to specialized cells

• They are specialized cells that can lead to generalized cells

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When gene expression occurs

• A gene is mutated with either an insertion or deletion

• The gene is removed from the genotype in that cell

• The gene is passed on to the daughter cells during mitosis

• The gene is activated and the ribosome makes the protein.

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Which of the following factors can influence gene expression?

• a) Genetic variation

• b) Environmental factors

• c) Both genetic variation and environmental factors

• d) none of the above

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