Genetic Disorders and Cardiac Complications

A patient is diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic condition that leads to high cholesterol levels and an increased risk of coronary artery disease.

What type of genetic disorder is familial hypercholesterolemia?

• Complex disorder

• Mendelian (single-gene) disorder

• Multifactorial disorder

• Environmental disorder

What is a distinguishing feature of Mendelian disorders compared to complex disorders?

• They involve multiple genes and environmental factors

• They follow predictable inheritance patterns

• They are always caused by environmental factors

• They have no genetic basis

A patient undergoes echocardiography and is found to have an aortic valve area of 1.2 cm², a peak velocity of 3.5 m/s, and a mean pressure gradient of 30 mmHg. The patient reports mild fatigue with exertion.

What is the severity level of this patient's aortic stenosis?

• Mild

• Moderate

• Severe

• Critical

A patient’s echocardiogram shows a large regurgitant jet and significant chamber enlargement. The patient also experiences shortness of breath at rest and fatigue.

What is the likely severity of this patient’s valvular regurgitation?

• Mild

• Moderate

• Moderate-to-Severe

• Severe

A patient with a history of heart disease is evaluated for valvular regurgitation. The echocardiogram shows moderate chamber enlargement, a regurgitant fraction of 40%, and mild shortness of breath on exertion.

What is the classification of the valvular regurgitation based on the findings?

• Mild

• Moderate

• Moderate-to-Severe

• Severe

A patient presents to the emergency department with symptoms of cardiogenic shock and heart failure within 24 hours after a myocardial infarction.

Which type of complication is this patient most likely experiencing?

• Systemic

• Arrhythmic

• Mechanical

• Inflammatory

Three days after a myocardial infarction, a patient develops atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.

This type of complication is classified as:

• Systemic

• Arrhythmic

• Mechanical

• Ischemic

A patient presents with pericarditis several weeks after a myocardial infarction.

This inflammatory complication is most likely associated with:

• Dressler syndrome

• Cardiogenic shock

• Ventricular septal defect

• Reinfarction