Azmoon14

Chemical properties refer to the quantity and type of hydration products, mainly calcium silicate hydrate,calcium aluminate hydrate, and calcium hydroxide of the set cement.

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Reactions of penetrating agents with these hydrates produce products that can be inert, highly soluble, or expansive.

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It is the nature of these reaction products that control the severity of chemical attack. Physical damage to concrete can occur due to expansion or contraction under

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restraint (e.g., drying shrinkage cracking, frost action, cyclic wetting and drying), or resulting from exposure to abrasion, erosion or fire during service.

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It is generally considered that the surface layer or cover zone plays an important role in durability as it acts as the first line of defense against physical and chemical attacks from the environment.

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Although durability is a complex topic, some of the basic fundamentals are well understood and have been documented. Many premature failures in recent years are due mainly to ignorance in design, poor specification or bad workmanship.

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