INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING REVIEW

Which of the following statements best describes deductive reasoning?

• Drawing a general conclusion from specific observations.

• Making a specific prediction based on a general rule.

• Forming a hypothesis based on patterns

• Observing repeated events to form a rule

Identify whether the following argument uses inductive or deductive reasoning: "All mammals have a backbone. A dolphin is a mammal. Therefore, a dolphin has a backbone."

• Inductive reasoning

• Deductive Reasoning

• Abductive reasoning

• None of these as it is a fallacy

In which type of reasoning are conclusions likely but not guaranteed to be true, based on observed patterns or experiences?

• Hypothetical reasoning

• Deductive reasoning

• Analytical reasoning

• Inductive reasoning

Determine whether the argument below is inductive or deductive reasoning: "Every summer for the past five years, there has been a heatwave in July. This year, there will likely be a heatwave in July."

• Inductive Reasoning

• Deductive Reasoning

Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?

• All birds have wings, and a robin is a bird, so a robin has wings.

• Every observed swan is white, so all swans are probably white.

• If today is Monday, then tomorrow is Tuesday.

• Triangles have three sides, so this shape with three sides is a triangle.

In a research study on exercise habits, only gym-goers are surveyed about their physical activity levels. Which of the following best describes this type of error?

• Confounding variable

• Placebo effect

• Selection bias

• Response bias

A person believes that carrying an umbrella causes it to rain because every time they bring one, it rains. Which type of bias does this illustrate?

• Confirmation bias

• Post hoc bias

• Availability heuristic

• Selection bias

After watching a news report about plane crashes, a person decides to avoid flying due to fear of an accident. Which cognitive bias is influencing their decision?

• Selection bias

• False consensus effect

• Availability heuristic

• Hindsight bias

A student argues, "All dogs are friendly. Since this animal is friendly, it must be a dog." What type of error in reasoning does this example illustrate?

• Confirmation bias

• Selection bias

• False premise

• Availability heuristic