What is the primary goal of comparing languages in linguistics?

To understand similarities and differences, and uncover patterns in language structure and development

To establish which language is superior

To determine the number of speakers of each language

What is intralinguistic comparison?

Comparing features within a single language, such as dialects or historical stages

Comparing different languages to find structural similarities

Comparing languages spoken in the same geographic area

Comparing languages with similar phonological structures

Which of the following is an example of intralinguistic comparison?

Comparing Modern English with Old English vocabulary

Comparing English and Spanish verb conjugations

Comparing sentence structure in Japanese and Korean

What is one main purpose of historical intralinguistic comparison?

To understand how a language has changed over time

To determine genetic relationships between languages

What is interlinguistic comparison?

Comparing different languages to find similarities, differences, or genetic relationships

Comparing structures within a single language

Comparing languages based on their number of speakers

Comparing dialects within the same language

Which of the following fields primarily uses interlinguistic comparison to reconstruct proto-languages?

Historical-comparative linguistics

What is a proto-language?

A hypothetical common ancestor of a language family reconstructed through interlinguistic comparison

A language spoken by only a small number of people

A type of dialect with minimal linguistic features

A language that has remained unchanged over time

Which of the following would NOT be an example of interlinguistic comparison?

Examining vocabulary differences between Old English and Modern English

Comparing Latin roots with Italian, Spanish, and French words

Analyzing word order differences between Japanese and English

Investigating sound shifts from Proto-Germanic to German and English

What is the purpose of the comparative method in linguistics?

To reconstruct the features of a proto-language by comparing languages within a family

To document endangered languages

To determine the social context of language change

To identify the number of languages in a given area

Which of the following best defines typological comparison?

Comparison of languages based on shared grammatical and structural features, regardless of relatedness

Comparison of languages based on historical relationships

Comparison of languages within the same geographic area

Comparison of language learning strategies

In his 1957 work Linguistics Across Cultures , Robert Lado argued that language learning difficulties are primarily caused by:

Structural differences between the learner's native language and the target language

Differences in vocabulary between L1 and L2

Cultural differences between L1 and L2 speakers

The complexity of the target language alone

What does Cummins' Iceberg Model of Language Interdependence primarily illustrate?

The idea that two languages share a common underlying proficiency

The visible and hidden features of cultural identity

The stages of second language acquisition

In the Iceberg Model, what does the “iceberg” metaphor represent?

That the surface aspects of language are different, but underlying cognitive processes are shared

That learning multiple languages requires a cold and rigid approach

That language proficiency is easily observed in learners

That language learning is based only on surface-level understanding

What does Cummins' Iceberg Model imply about teaching bilingual students?

Academic skills developed in one language can support learning in another, so both languages should be encouraged.

Bilingual students should be discouraged from using their L1.

Teachers should treat each language as entirely separate.

Bilingual students cannot achieve the same level of proficiency as monolinguals.

Which of the following is a common result of negative language transfer?

Errors in L2 that reflect structures or rules from L1

An improved understanding of L1

Which of the following would likely be an example of positive transfer for a Spanish speaker learning Italian?

Using similar syntactic structures, as both languages follow SVO word order

Mistaking Italian words with similar spelling in Spanish

Avoiding Italian pronunciation rules

Misapplying Spanish vowel sounds to Italian words

Which of the following is an example of negative transfer?

A Chinese speaker omitting plural markers in English, as Chinese doesn’t mark plurality the same way

A Spanish speaker using articles similarly in English

A French speaker using gendered nouns in French

An Italian speaker applying cognate vocabulary correctly in English

According to Gass & Behney (2013), which of the following can influence the likelihood of transfer occurring?

The learner's proficiency level in L2

The level of similarity between L1 and L2

The context in which the language is learned

What is language transfer according to Brown (2006)

The influence of a learner's native language (L1) on their second language (L2)

The influence of a learner's L2 on their native language (L1)

The use of translation as a language learning method

The development of proficiency in L2 with no effect from L1

CA w1 review

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What is linguistic (genetic) classification?

Grouping languages based on their geographical regions

Grouping languages based on structural similarities

Grouping languages based on their historical and evolutionary origins

Grouping languages based on the number of speakers

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What is areal classification in linguistics?

Grouping languages based on common ancestry

Grouping languages based on typological features

Grouping languages based on geographical proximity and shared features

Grouping languages based on the number of speakers

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Languages in a linguistic area necessarily belong to the same language family.

True

False

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What is typological classification in linguistics?

Classification of languages based on geographical proximity

Classification of languages based on their structural or grammatical features

Classification of languages based on their age

Classification of languages based on the number of speakers

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which of the following is an example of an analytic language?

Mandarin Chinese

Finnish

Russian

Swahili

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What typological classification would a language with extensive inflectional morphology (e.g., case endings, verb conjugations) fall under?

Analytic

Isolating

Synthetic

Polysynthetic

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which type of language relies heavily on affixation to indicate grammatical relations and often combines multiple morphemes within a single word?

Agglutinative

Isolating

Analytic

Fusional

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CA w1 review

What is linguistic (genetic) classification?

What is areal classification in linguistics?

Languages in a linguistic area necessarily belong to the same language family.

What is typological classification in linguistics?

Which of the following is an example of an analytic language?

What typological classification would a language with extensive inflectional morphology (e.g., case endings, verb conjugations) fall under?

Which type of language relies heavily on affixation to indicate grammatical relations and often combines multiple morphemes within a single word?

Two languages from the same linguistic area (Sprachbund) must also be typologically similar

What type of typological structure does English have, considering its tendency to use word order and auxiliary verbs over inflection?

What is the primary goal of comparing languages in linguistics?

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