Biology Quiz on Energy and Enzymes

During an experiment, a scientist observed prokaryotes that lived near volcanic vents deep in the ocean. The scientist MOST likely observed________________.

• photoautotrophs

• photoheterotrophs

• heterotrophs

• chemoautotrophs

Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?

• Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time

• Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease in entropy as the organism grows is exactly balanced by an increase in the entropy of the universe

• As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth

• Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy

• As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a lesser entropy in their environment than the increase in entropy associated with their growth

Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?

• Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some gain of free energy

• Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy

• Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe

• Different levels of input of energy is essential for homeostasis

• Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

• Anabolic reactions

• Hydrolysis

• Digestion

• Catabolic reactions

• Depolymerization

Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms?

• Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food

• Metabolism uses all of an organism's resources

• Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism

• Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism

• Metabolism does not use free energy in its processes

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Anabolic pathways______________________.

• are usually highly spontaneous chemical reactions

• consume energy to build up polymers from monomers

• release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers

• consume energy to decrease the entropy of the organism and its environment

• release energy as they build new complex materials

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Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?

• The products have more total energy than the reactants

• The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy

• The reaction goes only in a forward direction: all reactants will be converted to products, but no products will be converted to reactants

• A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed

• Release energy as they build new complex materials

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Chemical equilibrium is relatively rare in living cells. An example of a reaction at chemical equilibrium in a cell would be______________________________.

• one in which the free energy at equilibrium is higher than the energy content at any point away from equilibrium

• one in which the entropy change in the reaction is just balanced by an opposite entropy change in the cell's surroundings

• an endergonic reaction in an active metabolic pathway where the energy for that reaction is supplied only by heat from the environment

• an exergonic reaction in an active metabolic pathway where the energy for that reaction is released only by heat from the surroundings

• a chemical reaction in which both the reactants and products are not being produced or used in any active metabolic pathway at that time in the cell

In solution, why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily than condensation reactions?

• Hydrolysis increases entropy and is exergonic

• Hydrolysis raises G, or Gibbs free energy

• Hydrolysis decreases entropy and is exergonic

• Hydrolysis increases entropy and is endergonic

• Hydrolysis absorbs free energy easily

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A system at chemical equilibrium__________________________.

• consumes energy at a steady rate

• releases energy at a steady rate

• has zero kinetic energy

• can do no work

• can do exergonic reactions only