Unit 4: Learning and Cognition

Define 'classical conditioning'.

• A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

• A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired.

• A type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences.

• A cognitive process that involves understanding and reasoning.

Define 'unconditioned stimulus'.

• A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning

• A stimulus that requires conditioning to trigger a response

• A stimulus that is used as a neutral signal

• A stimulus that is irrelevant to the response

Define 'conditioned stimulus'.

• A stimulus that naturally triggers a response

• A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

• A stimulus that has no effect on a particular response

• A stimulus that is used to measure the strength of a response

Define 'conditioned response'.

• A response that occurs naturally without any prior learning

• A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

• A response that is innate and not learned

• A response that is triggered by a conditioned stimulus only once

Define 'unconditioned response'.

• A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

• A natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

• A response that is conditioned over time

• A voluntary action in response to a stimulus

Define 'discrimination' in the context of learning and cognition.

• The ability to distinguish between different stimuli.

• The process of memorizing information.

• The act of categorizing objects.

• The method of problem-solving.

Generalization in the context of learning and cognition refers to:

• The ability to apply learned knowledge to new situations.

• The process of memorizing specific details.

• The act of forgetting irrelevant information.

• The skill of focusing on a single task.

Define 'operant conditioning'.

• A type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences.

• A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

• A process of learning through observation and imitation.

• A learning process that involves repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Define 'punishment'.

• A reward for good behavior

• A penalty for an offense

• A type of exercise

• A form of entertainment

Define 'semantic memory'.

• A type of memory involving the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences.

• A type of memory that involves the storage of general world knowledge like facts, ideas, and concepts.

• A type of memory that involves the ability to remember to perform actions in the future.

• A type of memory that involves the storage of skills and procedures.