CNS Response to Injury Quiz

Identify the types of tissues and cells in the nervous system.

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Answer explanation

The nervous system consists of two main types of tissues: nervous tissue and glial tissue. Nervous tissue includes neurons, which transmit signals, while glial tissue contains supporting cells like astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

Describe the neuronal & axonal general response to injury.

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Answer explanation

In response to injury, neurons may undergo degeneration, while axons can regenerate if the injury is not severe. This involves cellular signaling, inflammation, and potential re-establishment of connections, crucial for recovery.

Recognize the pathophysiological mechanisms of neural response to injury with special emphasis on the neuronal & glial reactions.

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Answer explanation

Neural injury triggers a cascade of responses. Neurons undergo apoptosis or necrosis, while glial cells, especially astrocytes, proliferate and form a glial scar, aiding in repair but potentially inhibiting regeneration.

Recognize the role of microglia in CNS inflammation and repair.

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Answer explanation

Microglia are the primary immune cells in the CNS, playing a crucial role in detecting injury and pathogens. They respond to inflammation by clearing debris and releasing cytokines, aiding in tissue repair and maintaining homeostasis.

Identify the cerebral edema as a possible outcome of various injurious agents.

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Answer explanation

Cerebral edema can result from various injurious agents such as trauma, infection, or toxins, leading to increased fluid accumulation in the brain, which can cause increased intracranial pressure and neurological dysfunction.

What are the features of neuronal cell body injury?

• Loss of Nissl substance (central chromatolysis)

• Shrinkage of the cell body, pyknosis of the nucleus, disappearance of the nucleolus

• Intense eosinophilia of the cytoplasm ('red neurons')

Answer explanation

Neuronal cell body injury features include loss of Nissl substance (central chromatolysis), shrinkage of the cell body with pyknosis of the nucleus, and intense eosinophilia of the cytoplasm, known as 'red neurons'.

What are the types of irreversible cell injury?

• Necrosis

• Apoptosis

Answer explanation

Irreversible cell injury includes necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death due to injury, while apoptosis is a regulated process of programmed cell death. Both are types of irreversible injury.

What are the types of intracellular inclusions?

• Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangle

• Lewy bodies in Parkinsonism & dementia

• Viral Inclusions

• Lipofuscin pigment

Answer explanation

Intracellular inclusions include Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles, Lewy bodies in Parkinsonism & dementia, viral inclusions, and lipofuscin pigment. All listed options are correct types of intracellular inclusions.

What are the mechanisms of vasogenic edema?

• Increased hydrostatic pressure inside vessel

• Increased osmotic pressure in surrounding tissues

• Decreased osmotic pressure inside vessel

Answer explanation

Vasogenic edema occurs due to increased hydrostatic pressure inside vessels, leading to fluid leakage into surrounding tissues. Additionally, decreased osmotic pressure inside vessels and increased osmotic pressure in surrounding tissues contribute to this process.