Life-span 2

How does Vygotsky define the process of internalization in cognitive development?

• The acquisition of knowledge through individual experiences.

• The transformation of external activities, such as social language, into internal mental processes.

• The memorization of information through repetition.

• The innate ability to solve problems without external help.

According to Vygotsky, what is the main driver of cognitive development in children?

• Individual play

• Learning by trial and error

• Imitation of adults without intervention

• Social interaction

The zone of proximal development implies that learning is most effective when children works with others, including the help of more capable adults or peers

• True

• False

What is a central concept introduced by Albert Bandura in his "Social Learning Theory"?

• Clasical conditioning

• Operant conditioning

• Self-efficacy

• Trial and error learning

What does the concept of self-efficacy refer to in Bandura's theory?

• The ability to memorize information

• The influence of peers on behavior

• The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific tasks

• The process of learning through punishment

According to Bandura's Social Learning Theory, how do individuals primarily learn?

• Through trial and error

• Through genetic predisposition

• By external reinforcement alone

• By observing others

Which of the following statements best reflects a principle of social cognitive theory?

• People learn behaviors only through personal experience.

• The social environment plays the most important role

• The consequences of others' behavior don't affect the learning of behaviors

• Social cognitive theory focuses solely on the negative behavior.

What is a characteristic of the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?

• Development of the capacity for conservation.

• Predominant use of senses and motor skills.

• Capacity for hypothetical deductive reasoning.

• Internalisation of symbols and concepts.

Which cognitive ability develops specifically during the pre-operational stage according to Piaget?

• Conservation of quantity.

• Logical reasoning with concrete operations.

• Hypothetico-deductive thinking.

• Reversibility of actions.

Which concept describes the ability to modify cognitive structures to adapt to new experiences according to Piaget?

• Assimilation.

• Egocentrism.

• Focusing.

• Accommodation.