Res 2 U3 L6-L12

These are literature based on research findings. These are data supported by evidences.

• Research Literature

• Non-Research References

• Primary Source

• Secondary Source

These are literature which are not based on research findings. These literatures can provide insights and may broaden understanding regarding a topic. However, since they are not based on research findings, they have limited use and they do not serve the purpose of review of related literature

• Research Literature

• Non-Research References

• Primary Source

• Secondary Source

These refer to descriptions of studies written by the researchers themselves.

• Research Literature

• Non-Research References

• Primary Source

• Secondary Source

These are description of studies written by someone else, other than the researchers who conducted them. These description or interpretation of studies by other researchers should not become substitute for primary sources because they are less detailed and may be subjective in nature.

• Research Literature

• Non-Research References

• Primary Source

• Secondary Source

These refer to descriptions of studies written by the researchers themselves.

• Research Literature

• Non-Research References

• Primary Source

• Secondary Source

STATEMENT_ (AUTHORS, YEAR).

Example: An e-learning system with higher educational compatibility is believed to

effectively facilitate the learning processes of students (Xu & Wang,2006).

• Implicit

• Explicit

AUTHOR_(YEAR)_VERB_STATEMENT.

Example: Taylor and Todd (1995) suggested that Social Influence (SI) affects other

people’s opinion, superior influence, and peer influence.

• Implicit

• Explicit

Meaning of APA

The use of another author's exact words without citing him/her.

• Plagiarism of Words

• Plagiarism of Structure

• Plagiarism of Ideas

• Plagiarism of Authorship

• Plagiarism of Self

In this type of plagiarism, the author cited the source, but he just paraphrased another’s words by changing sentence construction or word choice.

• Plagiarism of Words

• Plagiarism of Structure

• Plagiarism of Ideas

• Plagiarism of Authorship

• Plagiarism of Self