Psych Mod 0.1-0.3 Vocab

Define "critical thinking"

• Subjective analysis and evaluation of an issue to form a judgment
• Blind acceptance of information without questioning
• Objective analysis and evaluation of an issue to form a judgment
• Random guessing without any reasoning

Define "hindsight bias"

• The tendency for people to perceive events that have not yet occurred as having been more predictable than they actually were before the events took place.
• The tendency for people to perceive events that have already occurred as having been more predictable than they actually were before the events took place.
• The tendency for people to perceive events as being unpredictable even after they have occurred.
• The tendency for people to perceive events as having the same level of predictability before and after they have occurred.

Define "overconfidence"

• Excessive belief in one's own abilities, knowledge, or judgment
• Underestimation of one's abilities
• Lack of self-confidence
• Balanced self-assessment

Define "illusory correlation"

• Illusory correlation is the concept of a direct causal link between two variables.
• Illusory correlation is the accurate perception of a strong relationship between two variables.
• Illusory correlation is the tendency to ignore any relationship between variables.
• Illusory correlation is the perception of a relationship between two variables when none exists or when the relationship is weaker than assumed.

Define "peer review"

• Peer review is a process where friends evaluate work
• Peer review involves self-assessment only
• Peer review is a method for plagiarism
• Peer review is a process where work is evaluated by experts in the same field to ensure quality, accuracy, and validity.

Define "theory"

• A theory is a well-substantiated explanation acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation.
• A theory is a belief without any scientific basis
• A theory is a wild guess without any evidence
• A theory is a random idea without any testing

Define "hypothesis"

• A hypothesis is a proven fact
• A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon or a scientific question that can be tested through experimentation or observation.
• A hypothesis is a random guess without any basis
• A hypothesis is a conclusion drawn without any evidence

Define "null hypothesis"

• The null hypothesis always proves to be correct in a study
• The null hypothesis is a statement that there is no significant difference or relationship between two variables in a study.
• The null hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis
• The null hypothesis is only used in qualitative research

Define "falsifiable"

• A statement or hypothesis is considered falsifiable if it can be proven false by observation or experiment.
• Falsifiable refers to a statement that cannot be tested or verified.
• Falsifiable means that a statement is based on faith rather than evidence.
• A statement or hypothesis is considered falsifiable if it can be proven true by observation or experiment.

Define "operational definitions"

• Operational definitions are only used in qualitative research.
• Operational definitions are general definitions that apply to all studies universally.
• Operational definitions are subjective interpretations of research findings.
• Operational definitions are specific definitions that explain how a concept, variable, or term is measured, observed, or manipulated within a particular study or experiment.