PSY - Unit 1

1. In Milgram’s 1961 obedience study, participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to a "learner" when incorrect answers were given. What was the primary finding of this study?

• Most participants refused to follow orders and stopped administering shocks early on.

• The majority of participants administered the highest level of shocks despite apparent distress from the "learner."

• Participants demonstrated empathy and refused to continue when the "learner" expressed pain.

• Only a small percentage of participants followed through with the experiment’s instructions.

In the 1959 study by Peterson and Peterson, participants were asked to recall trigrams (e.g., "KDF") after different intervals of time. What was the main finding of this study regarding short-term memory?

• Short-term memory has an unlimited capacity if rehearsal is allowed.

• Information in short-term memory decays rapidly without rehearsal, with recall dropping significantly after just 18 seconds.

• Participants were able to recall trigrams perfectly regardless of the delay.

• Short-term memory is unaffected by distractions or time delays.

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following represents a need related to relationships, affection, and a sense of belonging?

• Self-actualization

• Esteem needs

• Safety needs

• Belongingness and love needs

Which of the following best describes the main goal of the early psychological approach known as structuralism?

• To study how behavior is influenced by unconscious drives and childhood experiences.

• To focus on observable behavior and the principles of learning.

• To analyze the structure of the mind by breaking down mental processes into their most basic components.

• To examine how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments.

The psychological approach known as functionalism primarily focuses on:

• Understanding how mental and behavioral processes help individuals adapt amd fit a purpose.

•  Breaking down mental processes into their most basic components.

• Analyzing the influence of early childhood experiences on behavior.

•  Studying behavior through strictly observable actions and experiments.

Gestalt psychology is primarily concerned with:

• Analyzing how unconscious motives influence behavior.

• Breaking down mental processes into simple elements.

• Understanding how people perceive and organize visual information as whole patterns rather than as separate parts.

• Studying how behavior is shaped by environmental stimuli.

Which subfield of psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders?

•  Industrial-organizational psychology

• Developmental psychology

• Clinical psychology

• Social psychology

Which subfield of psychology is concerned with understanding how people’s behavior is influenced by the presence and actions of others?

• Cognitive psychology

• Developmental psychology

• Social psychology

• Neuropsychology

What is the primary goal of applied psychology?

• To develop theoretical models of mental processes without practical application.

• To use psychological principles to solve real-world problems and improve quality of life.

• To focus exclusively on laboratory-based research without considering practical implications.

• To study the biological basis of behavior in isolation from social and environmental factors.

Which of Freud's personality components operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of desires and needs?

•  The id

• The superego

• The ego

• The conscious mind