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What is motivation?

• The process of creating or defining jobs by assigning specific work tasks to individuals and groups

• The need for psychological growth and development

• The desire for physical and social well-being

• Forces within the individual that account for the intensity, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work

Who developed the Hierarchy of Needs theory?

• Douglas McGregor

• Frederick Herzberg

• Clayton Alderfer

• Abraham Maslow

What are the three need levels in the ERG theory?

• Physiological needs, Material well-being needs, Interpersonal relationship needs

• Physiological needs, Safety needs, Social needs

• Esteem needs, Self-actualization needs, Psychological needs

• Existence needs, Relatedness needs, Growth needs

What does McGregor's Theory X assume about workers?

• Workers can exercise self-direction, accept responsibility, seek out work

• Workers have little ambition, dislike work, want to avoid responsibility

• Workers need psychological growth and development

• Workers desire physical and social well-being

What are the Hygiene factors in the Two-factor theory?

• Elements of the job content, Sources of job satisfaction

• Desires for physiological and material well-being

• Desires for continued psychological growth and development

• Elements of the job context, Sources of job dissatisfaction

What is the role of reinforcement in motivation?

• Decreases the frequency of a behavior through the contingent removal of a pleasant consequence

• Increases the frequency of a behavior through the contingent removal of an unpleasant consequence

• Increases the frequency of a behavior through the contingent presentation of a pleasant consequence

• Decreases the frequency of a behavior through the contingent presentation of an unpleasant consequence

What is job design?

• The process of creating or defining jobs by assigning specific work tasks to individuals and groups

• The desire for physical and social well-being

• The forces within the individual that account for the intensity, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work

• The need for psychological growth and development

What is the potential disadvantage of job simplification?

• Productivity suffers, Cost increases due to absenteeism/turnover of unhappy workers

• Easier and quicker training of workers, Workers are less difficult to supervise

• Workers have less personal time, Difficulty in separating work and personal life

• Increased fatigue, Family adjustment problems

What is the potential benefit of flexible working hours?

• Working too much, Less personal time

• Freedom from constraints of commuting, Fixed hours

• People have greater autonomy in work scheduling while ensuring maintenance of work responsibilities

• Increased productivity, Fewer distractions

How can managers motivate employees according to the text?

• Recognize individual differences, Match people to jobs

• Use goals, Ensure that goals are perceived as attainable

• Individualized rewards, Link rewards to performance

• Check the system for equity, Use recognition