According to social learning theory, what is the role of a 'model'?

To serve as an example for observational learning

To provide direct reinforcement

To create new behaviors through conditioning

Which study is highlighted to explain the process of social learning with a focus on aggressive behavior?

Skinner's 'Skinner box' experiment

What does high scoring in psychoticism and neuroticism indicate?

Increased likelihood of engaging in criminal or anti-social behaviors

Increased sociability and pleasure-seeking

What is the main goal of community sentencing?

To rehabilitate the offender through unpaid work and treatment programmes

To punish the offender through imprisonment

To provide a retributive process

To use a token economy programme

What is the purpose of using a token economy programme within prison institutions?

To provide a retributive process

To prevent recidivism through reparation to the community

To address the range of possible causes of offender behaviour

How does restorative justice aim to prevent recidivism?

By resolving conflict between the offender and the victim

By using imprisonment as a deterrent

By involving the offender in unpaid work

By using a token economy programme

Which of the following is a key component of a token economy programme?

Cognitive behavioural techniques

What is the primary goal of anger management programmes?

To reduce the offender's levels of anger or aggression

To provide positive role models

To use a fixed ratio of exchange

How is pro-social behaviour achieved in a token economy programme?

By reducing the number of tokens gradually

By using cognitive behavioural techniques

By providing positive role models

By addressing levels of anger or aggression

Which theory might be used to encourage pro-social behaviour through role models?

Cognitive behavioural techniques

What is a potential benefit of using role models in rehabilitation programmes?

They can provide positive role modelling for offenders

They can provide a fixed ratio of exchange

They can draw on cognitive behavioural techniques

They can monitor behaviours closely

What was the main aim of the Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) study?

To see if children will imitate aggressive and non-aggressive role model behaviour, even if they are not rewarded for it.

To see if children will imitate only aggressive role model behaviour.

To see if children will imitate only non-aggressive role model behaviour.

To see if children will imitate role model behaviour only if they are rewarded for it.

How were the participants divided in the Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) study?

Into eight sub-groups of six participants each

Into four sub-groups of 12 participants each

Into two sub-groups of 36 participants each

Into three sub-groups of 24 participants each

What did the role model in the non-aggressive condition do in the Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) study?

Played with the other toys and did not play with the Bobo doll

Played with the Bobo doll aggressively

Played with the Bobo doll non-aggressively

What was the purpose of the role model being aggressive in specific ways during the experiment?

To make the behavior identifiable as imitative

What was the main finding regarding the difference in physical aggression between boys and girls?

Boys imitated more physical aggression than girls

Girls imitated more physical aggression than boys

There was no difference in physical aggression between boys and girls

Both boys and girls showed no physical aggression

What was the significant difference in behavior between participants in the aggressive and non-aggressive groups?

Participants in the aggressive groups reproduced more physical and verbal aggressive behavior

Participants in the aggressive groups were quieter

Participants in the non-aggressive groups were more aggressive

Participants in the non-aggressive groups played more actively

What conclusion can be drawn about the influence of male and female aggressive role models on boys?

Boys imitated more aggression from male role models

Boys imitated more aggression from female role models

Boys did not imitate any aggression

Boys imitated aggression equally from male and female role models

What are some of the issues candidates may be asked to consider when evaluating studies?

Validity, reliability, generalisability, ethics, objectivity, subjectivity

Validity, reliability, generalisability, ethics, creativity, subjectivity

Validity, reliability, generalisability, ethics, objectivity, creativity

Validity, reliability, generalisability, ethics, objectivity, flexibility

What was the aim of the study conducted by Charlton et al. (2000)?

To investigate the impact of television on the social behaviour of young children.

To study the effects of diet on children's health.

To examine the influence of parental involvement on children's academic performance.

To analyze the impact of video games on children's cognitive development.

What scale was used to code the behaviours from the video recordings?

Playground Behaviours Observation Scale (PBOS)

Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL)

Social Skills Rating System (SSRS)

Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC)

How much more frequently did pro-social behaviour occur compared to anti-social behaviour?

Approximately three times as much

Approximately four times as much

Approximately five times as much

What did Charlton et al. conclude about the influence of television on children's behavior over the 5.3 years from 1994 to 2000?

There was little change in pro- or anti-social behavior.

Television significantly increased pro-social behavior.

Television significantly increased anti-social behavior.

Television significantly decreased pro-social behavior.

What did Charlton et al. suggest about the close-knit community of the island?

It contributed to children's good behavior.

It contributed to children's bad behavior.

It had no effect on children's behavior.

It made children more anti-social.

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Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement according to Skinner's Operant Conditioning theory?

What type of reinforcement involves the removal of an undesired outcome?

In the context of operant conditioning, what is the term for the receipt of a desired outcome?

What type of punishment involves the removal of a desired outcome?

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

What is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

According to Bandura's Social Learning Theory, which of the following is a key concept?

Which of the following is NOT a key term associated with social learning theory?

According to social learning theory, what is the role of a 'model'?

Which study is highlighted to explain the process of social learning with a focus on aggressive behavior?

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