Reliability of Memory

According to the text, what can facilitate schema processing that influences the accuracy of recall?

• Clear and unbiased questioning.

• Post-event information.

• Prior knowledge of the event.

• Independent verification.

What is a common source of information that might fill in the gaps in a witness's memory of an event, as mentioned in the text?

• Academic books.

• Legal documents.

• Television or social media reports.

• Personal diaries.

According to Loftus & Palmer's study, what effect does the intensity of the verb used in questioning have on participants' speed estimates of the cars?

• No effect on speed estimates

• Decreases the speed estimates

• Increases the speed estimates

• Changes the emotional response of the participants

What was the mean speed estimate for the verb 'smashed' in Experiment 1?

• 40.8 mph

• 39.3 mph

• 38.1 mph

• 34.0 mph

How did the use of the verb 'smashed' compared to 'hit' affect participants' memory of seeing broken glass in Experiment 2?

• Participants were less likely to recall broken glass with 'smashed'

• No difference in recalling broken glass

• Participants were more likely to recall broken glass with 'smashed'

• The verb used did not affect the memory of the event

What was the main focus of Yuille and Cutshall's (1986) experiment related to eyewitness memory?

• To determine the effect of stress on memory accuracy

• To examine the impact of leading questions on memory reliability

• To assess the influence of the color of objects on memory recall

• To investigate the role of police presence on eyewitness memory

According to the study by Yuille and Cutshall, what factor contributed to the reliability of the eyewitnesses' memories?

• The presence of multiple eyewitnesses

• The emotional impact of witnessing a crime

• The color of the getaway car

• The type of questions asked during the interview

How did Yuille and Cutshall's study differ from Loftus and Palmer's study in terms of ecological validity?

• Yuille and Cutshall's study was based on actual crime events

• Loftus and Palmer's study used archival evidence

• Yuille and Cutshall's study had no control of variables

• Loftus and Palmer's study involved a higher number of participants

In the study by Bahrick et al. (1975), what was the accuracy rate of facial recognition 15 years after graduation?

• 30%

• 60%

• 70%

• 90%

In Bahrick et al. (1975), what type of study was used to determine the reliability of facial recognition over time?

• Longitudinal study

• Experimental study

• Cross-sectional study

• Case study