HL Chemical Signalling in Cells (C2.1.1-6)

What is another name for signaling molecules?

• Cytokines

• Enzymes

• Receptors

• Ligans

During a science fair, Grace explains how cells receive signals. Where would you find protein receptors for these signaling molecules?

• Floating freely in the cytoplasm

• Embedded in the cell membrane

• Inside the nucleus

• Within the mitochondrial membrane

What causes a cascade of events in cellular communication in Sophie's science project?

• The movement of the receptor to the nucleus

• The replication of the signaling molecule

• The binding of a ligand to its protein receptor

• The destruction of the signaling molecule

How are ligans similar to enzymes?

• They replicate upon binding

• They are destroyed after binding

• They are specific to their receptors or substrates

• They change shape after binding

What phenomenon is related to the change in behavior of a colony when its population density reaches a certain threshold?

• Mutualistic signaling

• Cascade effect

• Gene expression

• Quorum sensing

In a science project, Sophie and Sol are discussing the different types of chemical signaling molecules that cells use to communicate. Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical signaling molecule they might be talking about?

• Lipids

• Hormones

• Neurotransmitters

• Cytokines

What is the main difference between hormones and neurotransmitters?

• Neurotransmitters can affect any cell, while hormones only affect target cells

• Hormones are always proteins, while neurotransmitters are always lipids

• Neurotransmitters are produced by endocrine glands, while hormones are not

• Hormones can only travel in the blood, while neurotransmitters can only travel in the synapse

Imagine Lucia is sending a secret message to Sophie that can't go directly into Sophie's house. What kind of 'receptor' does Sophie need to receive the message outside her house?

• Cytoplasmic receptor

• Extracellular receptor

• Intracellular receptor

• Transmembrane protein

During a biology class experiment, Sophia and Grace are examining how certain molecules can pass through cell membranes to bind with receptors inside the cell. Which of the following molecules would they identify as capable of this action?

• Insulin

• Steroid hormones

• Acetylcholine

• Glutamate

During a school relay race, what is required for Sophia's muscles to contract and start running, according to the text?

• The activation of endocrine glands

• The secretion of calcium ions

• The binding of a lian to a receptor

• The release of neurotransmitters