What is cAMP (or cyclic AMP)?

cAMP is the small molecule that binds to CAP and makes it able to bind to the lac operon

cAMP is a type of protein found in plants.

cAMP is a neurotransmitter in the brain.

cAMP is a type of sugar used in cellular respiration.

How is gene expression regulated during protein activity?

They may undergo modifications that affect their activity (ex: added tags)

Where does CAP bind on the lac operon?

CAP binds to the CAP site, just before the promoter and help polymerase bind

CAP binds to the enhancer region

CAP binds to the promoter region

CAP binds to the terminator region

What happens during the Termination stage of transcription?

RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA template, causing the RNA transcript to be released.

The RNA transcript is elongated

The RNA transcript is edited for accuracy

RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template

How is gene expression regulated during Translation?

Regulation of gene expression during Translation is achieved through the control of ribosome binding, amino acid addition, and protein release by initiation, elongation, and termination factors. (aka through various regulators)

Regulation of gene expression in Translation is achieved through post-translational modifications

Translation is controlled by the environment surrounding the cell

Gene expression is regulated by altering the DNA sequence during Translation

Allolactose is a small molecule that binds to the lac repressor and stops it from binding to the operator (its an inducer)

Allolactose is a type of carbohydrate

Allolactose is a type of protein

How is gene expression regulated during Transcription?

Transcription factors bind to DNA sequences near the gene to promote or inhibit gene expression.

Gene expression is controlled by the color of the sky

Transcription factors regulate gene expression by dancing

Gene expression is regulated by the moon phases

How is gene expression regulated in RNA stability?

RNA stability is regulated because mRNA's lifetime in the cytosol affects how many protein they can make

RNA stability is regulated by DNA replication, protein synthesis, and cell division.

RNA stability is regulated by mRNA splicing, tRNA modification, and rRNA processing.

RNA stability is regulated by transcription factors, enhancers, and promoters.

What is "combinatorial regulation"?

Multiple regulatory elements (activators + repressors) working together to control gene expression.

Regulation of gene expression through environmental factors only

A single regulatory element controlling gene expression

Random gene expression without any regulation

Where does the lac repressor bind and what does it stop from binding?

The lac repressor binds to the operator region and stops RNA polymerase from binding.

The lac repressor binds to the promoter region and stops DNA replication

The lac repressor binds to the coding region and stops transcription

The lac repressor binds to the enhancer region and stops translation

What is a lac operon?

A lac operon is a set of genes in bacteria responsible for the metabolism of lactose (it's inducible).

A lac operon is a term used to describe a type of virus.

A lac operon is a type of protein found in plants.

A lac operon is a structure in animal cells responsible for energy production.

What does the Catabolic Activator Protein (CAP) do?

Activates the lac operon when glucose levels are low

How is gene expression regulated at RNA processing?

Different mRNAs can be made from the same pre mRNA via Alternative Splicing

Different mRNAs can be made from the same pre mRNA via magic

Different bananas can be made from the same tree via sunlight

What happens during the third step of PCR (called DNA synthesis)?

DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by adding complementary nucleotides to the template strands.

DNA polymerase breaks down the DNA strands

RNA polymerase synthesizes new RNA strands

The temperature is increased to denature the DNA

How can gene expression be regulated during chromatin assembly?

The structure of it, more open chromatin in specific, makes transcription more likely

Increasing chromatin accessibility through DNA replication

Decreasing chromatin accessibility by increasing histone acetylation

Regulating gene expression by altering mRNA splicing

What is a "tissue specific enhancer"?

A tissue specific enhancer is a DNA sequence that can increase the transcription of a gene in a specific type of tissue or cell.

A tissue specific enhancer is a protein that inhibits gene expression in all tissues

A tissue specific enhancer is a type of RNA molecule found in all cell types

A tissue specific enhancer is a chemical compound that promotes gene expression in all tissues

What is "Repressible Operon"?

A repressible operon is a type of operon that is usually on but can be turned off.

A repressible operon is a type of operon that is always off.

A repressible operon is a type of operon that is regulated by an activator protein.

A repressible operon is a type of operon that is only found in prokaryotes.

What happens during the termination stage of Translation?

Release factor binds to the stop codon, causing the ribosome to release the polypeptide chain and mRNA.

The tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome

The ribosome attaches to the mRNA to begin translation

The mRNA is transcribed into DNA

What does a lac repressor do?

Inhibits the the lac operon when lactose isn's present

Regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism

Enhances the expression of genes involved in protein synthesis

Activates the expression of genes involved in lactose metabolism

Attentuation achieves its goal of stopping proteins being made when tryptophan levels high by doing what?

Premature termination of transcription

Enhancing translation efficiency

What are the 6 main places at which gene expression can be regualted?

RNA processing and RNA stability

Protein activity and Chromatin Assembly

What is an "Inducible Operon"?

A type of operon that is usually turned off but can be turned on when a specific molecule called an inducer is present and binds to the repressor protein, stopping it from binding to the operon

A type of operon that is turned off by default

A type of operon that is always turned on

A type of operon that is regulated by repressor proteins

What happens during the Elongation stage of Translation?

The ribosome reads mRNA codons and matches them with tRNA anticodons to add amino acids to the polypeptide chain.

The ribosome decodes the DNA sequence to form mRNA

The tRNA delivers the amino acids to the ribosome

The mRNA is transcribed into DNA

What happens during the second step of PCR (called Annealing)?

Primers bind to complementary sequences on the DNA template once strands have cooled

The temperature is increased to separate the DNA strands

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

What happens during the Initiation stage of Translation?

Ribosome assembles on mRNA strand and translation starts with AUG codon.

Translation starts with UAA codon

Ribosome disassembles on mRNA strand

Initiation stage involves DNA replication

What are Basal (general) transcription factors?

Basal (general) transcription factors help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter(aka Mediator proteins)

Basal transcription factors are only needed for RNA processing

Basal transcription factors are involved in DNA replication

Basal transcription factors are specific to prokaryotic cells

What is the only time when the lac operon is expressed?

When glucose is absent or low and lactose is present

When glucose is high and lactose is absent

When glucose is low and lactose is absent

When glucose is high and lactose is present

Describe the structure of a ribosome

A ribosome consists of two subunits, one large and one small, made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins.

A ribosome is primarily made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A ribosome is a single unit composed of only proteins

A ribosome is a membrane-bound organelle

What is a corepressor in temrs of the trp operon?

A corepressor binds to the repressor protein and activates it.

A corepressor binds to the promoter region, enhancing transcription in the trp operon.

A corepressor binds to the operator region, preventing the binding of RNA polymerase in the trp operon.

A corepressor binds to the mRNA, stabilizing it and promoting translation in the trp operon.

What are growth factors?

Chemical signals from neighboring cells that instruct a target cell to grow and divide

Carbohydrates that slow down cell proliferation

Lipids that inhibit cell growth

Nucleic acids that prevent cell differentiation

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, using anti-codons to bind

tRNA helps in cellular respiration

tRNA functions as a structural component of the cell membrane

tRNA is responsible for DNA replication

What are anti-codons?

Sequences of three nucleotides on transfer RNA that are complementary to codons on messenger RNA

Sequences of three nucleotides on DNA that code for amino acids

Segments of mRNA that regulate gene expression

Structures on ribosomes that aid in protein synthesis

What are housekeeping genes?

Genes that are constitutively expressed in all cells of an organism and are essential for basic cellular functions.

Genes that are only expressed in specific tissues of an organism

Genes responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm

Genes involved in immune response

What happens during the Elongation stage of transcription?

RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand and synthesizes a complementary RNA strand by adding nucleotides one by one.

RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA double helix

tRNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome

mRNA undergoes splicing to remove introns

What is genetic code?

Genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins.

Genetic code is a term used to describe the process of photosynthesis.

Genetic code refers to the physical appearance of an organism.

Genetic code is a type of barcode used in DNA sequencing.

What is the purpose of the DNA Ladder in Gel Electrophoresis?

Reference for determining the size (number of bases) of DNA fragments

To provide energy for the gel electrophoresis process

To act as a catalyst for DNA replication

To determine the pH of the DNA samples

What happens during the first step of PCR (called Dentaurization)?

The double-stranded DNA template is heated to separate the two strands.

The DNA template is transcribed into RNA

The DNA template is cooled to room temperature

The DNA template is mixed with primers

What are enhancers (on) and silencers(off) in terms of transcription factors?

Enhancers increase transcription when bound by transcription factors, while silencers decrease transcription they act as binding sites to helps them bind

Enhancers decrease transcription when bound by transcription factors

Silencers increase transcription

Enhancers and silencers have no impact on transcription

What happens during the Initiation stage of transcription?

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of DNA (at the beg. of the gene_ and separates the DNA strands

DNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the RNA

The mRNA is translated into protein

Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm

What is a stop codon?

A stop codon is a nucleotide sequence within mRNA that signals the termination of translation into proteins (uaa, uag, or uga)

A stop codon is a type of protein found in bacteria

A stop codon is a region of DNA that initiates transcription

A stop codon is a process that enhances gene expression (abc, aug, gba)

A small section of DNA in prokaryotes than can be turned on and off and that consists of a group of genes with a single promoter

A type of protein found in the nucleus

A structure within the cell membrane

Which strand in DNA is called the "coding/sense strand" during DNA replication?

The coding/sense strand in DNA is the strand that is identical to the mRNA copy

The coding/sense strand is the lagging strand during DNA replication.

The coding/sense strand is the leading strand during DNA replication.

The coding/sense strand is the non-template strand during DNA replication.

Unit 6 - Genetics

Authored by ELYANA NAJARIAN-GARB

Biology

9th - 12th Grade

Used 4+ times

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What does semi-conservative mean?

Each new DNA molecule consists of two original strands

Semi-conservative means the DNA remains unchanged

It refers to the process of DNA replication in bacteria only

Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What does DNA polymerase do?

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the existing DNA template strand during DNA replication.

DNA polymerase repairs damaged proteins

DNA polymerase synthesizes RNA molecules

DNA polymerase breaks down DNA strands

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

In what direction does DNA polymerase read and make DNA, respectively?

3' to 5' and 5' to 3'

3' to 5' and 3' to 5'

5' to 5' and 3' to 3'

3' to 3' and 5' to 5'

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Where does the energy necessary to make new DNA come from?

Fermentation in bacteria

Photosynthesis in plants

Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

Energy released when phosphates on DNA are released and bonds are broken

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What is a polypeptide?

A polypeptide is a type of carbohydrate

A polypeptide is a type of lipid

A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

A polypeptide is composed of nucleotides

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What is the only condition in which cAMP is made?

Under acidic conditions

Only when glucose levels are low

In the presence of ATP

Absence of adenylate cyclase enzyme

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

What is the only condition under which allolactose is made?

Lactose is absent and the lac operon is induced

Lactose is absent and the lac operon is repressed

Lactose is present and the lac operon is repressed

Lactose is present

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