What is declarative memory?

Memory that lasts a few seconds

What is procedural memory?

Memory that lasts a few seconds

What does rehearsal in the memory process help with?

Transferring information to long-term memory

Transferring information to sensory memory

Transferring information to procedural memory

Transferring information to short-term memory

What is the role of retrieval in memory?

To search for and recover stored information

To transfer information to long-term memory

To pay attention to incoming information

How does the capacity of Long Term Memory compare to Short Term Memory?

Long Term Memory has an unlimited capacity

Short Term Memory has an unlimited capacity

Long Term Memory has a smaller capacity

What happens if information in the Sensory Memory is not paid attention to?

It is automatically stored in Long Term Memory

It is transferred to Short Term Memory

It is rehearsed for later retrieval

What was the primary method used in the Peterson and Peterson 1959 study to prevent rehearsal of the trigrams?

Participants were asked to count backward in 3s from a random number

Participants were asked to perform a simple task

Participants were asked to remain silent

Participants were shown distracting images

What conclusion can be drawn from the Peterson and Peterson 1959 study regarding short-term memory?

It has a limited duration of about 20 seconds without rehearsal

It has unlimited duration as long as there is rehearsal

It is not affected by distraction tasks

It can be extended indefinitely with the use of mnemonic devices

What effect does a distraction task during a delay have on memory recall according to Glanzer and Cunitz's study?

It diminishes the recency effect but not the primacy effect

It enhances both primacy and recency effects

It has no significant effect on memory recall

It diminishes both primacy and recency effects

How does the serial position effect support the multistore memory model?

By illustrating separate effects for items stored in short-term and long-term memory

By demonstrating that memory storage is unlimited

By showing that only short-term memory is necessary for recall

By proving that rehearsal is unnecessary for memory recall

What does Patient HM's case study suggest about the role of the hippocampus?

It is essential for transferring information from short-term to long-term memory

It is crucial for the retrieval of long-term memories

It plays a minor role in memory processes

It is involved in sensory memory processing

Why might the Multistore Memory Model be considered historically important in psychology?

It provided a foundational framework for understanding separate memory stores

It was the first to use neuroimaging evidence

It introduced the concept of memory distortion

It disproved earlier theories of memory being a single process

What limitation of the Multistore Memory Model is highlighted by its inability to explain memory distortion?

Its oversimplification of memory processes

Its reliance on neurobiological evidence

Its focus on procedural memory over declarative memory

Its underestimation of the role of rehearsal in memory formation

How does the Multistore Memory Model fail to account for the impact of emotions on memory?

By focusing solely on the structural aspects of memory stores

By assuming all memories require equal rehearsal

By not distinguishing between positive and negative emotions

By ignoring the physiological responses associated with emotional memories

How does the central executive function within the Working Memory Model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch?

It coordinates the subsystems of working memory

It stores visual and spatial information

It integrates information from various sources

It rehearses auditory information

What role does the episodic buffer play in the Working Memory Model?

It integrates information from the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad

It processes auditory and verbal information

It directs attention and processing resources

What does the Robbins et al. 1996 study suggest about the independence of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad?

They operate completely independently without any interference.

They can interfere with each other when processing similar types of information.

They are not independent and share processing resources.

Only the phonological loop can be interfered with, while the visuospatial sketchpad cannot.

Based on the Robbins et al. 1996 study, how does verbal interference affect the task of recreating a chessboard arrangement?

It slightly reduces performance but not as much as visual-spatial interference.

It significantly improves performance by enhancing focus.

It has no noticeable effect on the performance of chess players.

It moderately reduces performance due to divided attention.

Why did the average score significantly decrease in the visual-spatial interference condition compared to the verbal interference condition?

Due to the limited capacity of the slave system handling both tasks

Because visual-spatial tasks are inherently more difficult

Because participants were less familiar with visual-spatial tasks

Due to a malfunction in the testing equipment

What was the primary outcome of the Klingberg et al., 2005 study on children with ADHD who played a working memory-enhancing computer game?

Increased working memory capacity and reduced ADHD-related behaviors

No significant changes observed

What was the primary objective of the Klingberg et al., 2005 study on working memory games?

To investigate the impact of working memory games on children with ADHD.

To compare the effectiveness of different types of computer games on memory.

To explore the relationship between working memory capacity and intelligence.

To determine the best duration for playing memory-enhancing games.

How did the study measure the impact of the working memory games on children's attention problems?

Using standardized tests designed to measure attention and focus.

By observing changes in their behavior in social settings.

Through parent and teacher assessments of attention-related behaviors.

By comparing pre- and post-treatment scores on working memory tasks.

What was the key difference between the two conditions in the Klingberg et al., 2005 study?

The design of the game to either stretch working memory capacity or not.

The age of the children participating in each condition.

The type of computer game played by the children.

The duration for which the children played the game each day.

Which brain scan study supports the Working Memory Model's claim of different areas being active for verbal and visual tasks?

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

How do schemas influence our ability to learn new information?

By providing a framework that helps in assimilating new information

By limiting our ability to perceive new information

By having no impact on our learning capabilities

By making it easier to forget inconsistent information

What happens when we encounter information that does not fit our existing schemas?

We may experience cognitive dissonance and find it challenging to understand

We easily integrate it without any effort

It enhances our memory recall for that information

We modify the information to fit our schemas without any distortions

What role do schemas play in memory recall?

They assist in recalling information that is consistent with our schemas

They have no significant effect on memory recall

They only help in recalling positive memories

They prevent us from remembering any past events

What was the main purpose of the Bransford and Johnson, 1973 study?

To explore the role of schemas in comprehension and memory

To investigate the effects of distraction on memory recall

To examine the differences between short-term and long-term memory

To determine the capacity limits of working memory

How did the provision of a title before listening to the passage affect participants' recall in the Bransford and Johnson, 1973 study?

It significantly improved recall by activating relevant schemas

It had no significant effect on recall

It decreased recall due to cognitive overload

It improved recall but only for participants with prior knowledge of the topic

What does the Bransford and Johnson, 1973 study suggest about the importance of context in memory and comprehension?

Providing context before new information can significantly enhance both memory and comprehension

Context has a minimal impact on memory and comprehension

Context is only important for memory, not comprehension

Context is more important for comprehension than for memory

How do schemas contribute to the formation of false memories?

By filling in gaps in memory with plausible information

By accurately recording events as they happen

By preventing any distortions in memory recall

By ensuring all memories are factual and verifiable

What is a potential limitation in studying schemas?

They are hypothetical constructs that cannot be directly observed

They can be directly observed and measured

They are too simple to influence complex cognitive processes

They only affect memory processes in young children

How might schemas be acquired according to current understanding?

It is not entirely clear how schemas are acquired

By observing and imitating others

Through direct instruction only

What is a primary function of System 2 Thinking?

Engaging in complex reasoning and decision-making

Generating automatic responses to stimuli

How does the Dual Process System of Thinking contribute to biases in decision making?

By overutilizing System 1 Thinking in complex situations

By relying solely on logical analysis

By always engaging in reflective thinking

By preventing the use of intuition

What role does the ventromedial pre-frontal cortex (vmPFC) play in decision-making according to the Iowa Gambling Task study?

It is crucial for processing long-term rewards and risks.

It has no significant impact on decision-making.

It primarily handles short-term memory tasks.

It is involved in sensory processing rather than decision-making.

How did participants with vmPFC lesions behave differently from healthy controls in the Iowa Gambling Task?

They continued to select from high-risk decks despite long-term disadvantages.

They preferred decks with long-term benefits over immediate rewards.

They were unable to understand the task instructions.

They showed no difference in behavior compared to healthy controls.

What does the performance on the Wason Selection Task suggest about human cognition?

Humans often use heuristics that can lead to errors

Humans are inherently logical beings

Human reasoning is flawless and consistent

Human cognition is not influenced by the nature of the task

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Ana Villarreal

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A type of sensory memory

A temporary memory

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Cognitive Processing

50 questions

Who proposed the Multistore Memory Model?

What is the first stage of the Multistore Memory Model?

How long does information last in Sensory Memory?

What is required for information to move from Sensory Memory to Short Term Memory?

What characterizes Short Term Memory?

How can information be transferred from Short Term Memory to Long Term Memory?

What is a memory trace?

What is declarative memory?

What is procedural memory?

What process is essential for transferring information from the sensory register to the short-term memory store?

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