Chp. 22 Review

Before 1500 scholars generally decided what was true or false by referring to an ancient Greek or Roman author or to the ​ (a)   .  Few Europeans challenged the scientific ideas of ​ (b)   thinkers or the ​ (c)   . 

• Bible
• ancient
• Church
• Quran
• medieval
• government
• philosophical
• modern

1. During the middle ages, scholars believed that the ​ (a)   was an immovable object located in the ​ (b)   of the universe.

• Earth
• center
• Sun
• Moon
• Top
• Bottom

In the 4th century B.C. the Greek philosopher ​ (a)   came up with this earth centered view was called ​ (b)   theory.  Even Christianity taught that ​ (c)   had placed the earth at the center of the Universe.

• Aristotle
• Geocentric
• God
• Plato
• Heliocentric
• Zeus
• Socrates
• Ptolemy

1. In the mid 1500’s there were not many European scholars that would publish works that challenged the ideas of ancient thinkers and the _____________. 

1. As scholars began to learn more and come up with new theories there was a change of thought  called the ​ (a)   Revolution…this new way of thinking was based on the willingness to ​ (b)   accepted beliefs.  One of the earliest challenges to accepted scientific thinking came in the field of ​ (c)   .

• Scientific
• question
• astronomy
• Industrial
• Mathematical
• Agricultural
• Medical
• Technological

1. A Polish astronomer named ​ (a)   studied the planetary movements for 25 years and came up with a theory that the ​ (b)   was the center of the universe….this is called the ​ (c)   theory.  

• Nicolaus Capernicus
• Sun
• Heliocentric
• Johannes Kepler
• Isaac Newton
• Tycho Brahe
• Moon

After Copernicus published his findings, a Danish astronomer named ​ (a)   recorded the movements of planets for many years and produced mountains of accurate data.  Brahe died in 1601 and his assistant, a brilliant mathematician named ​ (b)   continued Brahe’s work.

• Tycho Brahe
• Johannes Kepler
• Galileo Galilei
• Isaac Newton
• Nicolaus Copernicus
• Albert Einstein

1. Kepler concluded that there were ​ (a)   laws that governed ​ (b)   motion.  These laws proved that planets revolve around the ​ (c)   in elliptical orbits and not in circles.  

• mathematical
• planetary
• Sun
• Moon
• earth
• Physical

1. The Italian scientist ​ (a)   built on the new theories of astronomy.  In 1609 he built a ​ (b)   to study the heavens.  He published a book in 1610 describing his observations: ​ (c)   had 4 moons, the sun has dark spots, and earth’s ​ (d)   had a rough uneven surface.

• Galileo Galilei
• telescope
• Jupiter
• moon
• Isaac Newton
• microscope
• Mars
• atmosphere
• Copernicus

1. Galileo’s findings frightened both the Catholic and Prostant leaders…they told Galileo not to defend the ideas of Copernicus.  Galileo published a book anyway, the ​ (a)   summoned Galileo to Rome to stand trial.  Under the threat of torture Galileo agreed the ideas were false.  Galileo was never again a ​ (b)   man, he lived the rest of his life under ​ (c)   .

• Pope
• free
• house arrest
• imprisoned
• exiled
• imprisonment for life