4.2 Vocab AP Statistics

An ____________ observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses.

• experimenter
• observational study

• experiment

• participant

An ____________ imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses.

• experiment
• analysis
• survey
• observation

____________ occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.

• Association
• Interference
• Correlation
• Confounding

A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment is called a _________.

• control
• variable
• manipulation
• treatment

The __________ are the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied.

• groups
• clusters
• categories
• experimental units

In experiments, the solution to the problem of bias is ___________.

• random selection

• guessing and estimating
• random assignment

• grouping and categorizing

In a ____________, the treatments are assigned to all the experimental units completely by chance.

• biased design
• systematic design
• predetermined design
• completely randomized design

A _________ receives an inactive treatment or an existing baseline treatment.

• active treatment
• control group

• new treatment
• experimental treatment

___________ means using enough experimental units in each group so that any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups.

• Blinding

• Randomization

• Control

• Replication

The response to a dummy treatment is called the _________.

• Hawthorne effect
• Nocebo effect
• Therapeutic effect
• Placebo effect