Farouk El-Baz, a geologist and space scientist

In 1990, California native and researcher Ellen Ochoa left her position as chief of the Intelligent Systems Technology Branch at a NASA research center _____ the space agency's astronaut training program. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

• to join

• is joining

• joined

• joins

Farouk El-Baz, a geologist and space scientist, _____ part of the team that selected the lunar landing sites for the Apollo program during the 1960s and 1970s. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

• are

• was

• have been

• were

In 1881, French chemist Camille Faure redesigned the rechargeable lead-acid battery. Faure's design greatly increased the amount of electricity that the original battery, which the French physicist Gaston Planté ______ fifteen years earlier, could hold. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

• is inventing

• will invent

• invents

• had invented

A member of the Cherokee Nation, Mary Golda Ross is renowned for her contributions to NASA's Planetary Flight Handbook, which _____ detailed mathematical guidance for missions to Mars and Venus.

• provided

• having provided

• to provide

• providing

Richard Spikes was a prolific African American inventor known for his contributions to automotive engineering. Between 1907 and 1946, he patented many inventions, _____ an automobile turn signal, a safety brake, and—most famously—the first automatic gearshift. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

• included

• includes

• including

• will include

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

• have outlined

• were outlining

• outlines

• outline

If simple sugars such as ribose and glycolaldehyde _____ Earth from elsewhere and survived impact—a possibility astrophysicist Nicolle Zellner outlined in a 2020 study—the sugars could have reacted with other molecules that were already present on the planet to form the nucleotides that are the structural components of RNA and DNA. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

• reach

• had reached

• will reach

• are reaching