Fundamental Principles of Communication

Which of the following best describes analog data?

• Data represented by discrete values
• Data that takes on continuous values within an interval
• Data that is represented by binary digits
• Data that is stored in a digital format

What distinguishes a digital signal from an analog signal?

• A digital signal can assume an infinite number of values within a given range
• A digital signal is continuous in time and value
• A digital signal maintains a constant level and then changes to another constant level
• A digital signal is continuous in time but assumes only a limited number of values

What is transmission in the context of data communication?

• Encoding data into binary format
• Storing data in a database
• Communicating data through propagation and processing of signals
• Encrypting data for secure transfer

How is signal representation typically depicted?

• In 3D space, illustrating amplitude, frequency, and time
• Through a series of numerical values stored in a database
• In 2D space, as a function of time, space, or frequency
• Using a complex algorithm to analyze signal patterns

Before data can be transmitted, they must be transformed to _______________.

• periodic signals
• electromagnetic signals
• aperiodic signals
• low-frequency sinewaves

What is Line Coding primarily concerned with?

• Converting analog data to digital format
• Converting digital data to binary format
• Converting binary data (sequence of bits) to a digital signal
• Converting digital signals to analog format

What is the purpose of self-synchronization in digital communication?

• To encrypt data for secure transmission
• To ensure the receiver's clock matches the sender's bit intervals
• To convert analog signals to digital format
• To amplify the signal for long-distance transmission

What are the main issues associated with Unipolar Line Coding?

• Presence of multiple voltage levels
• Lack of synchronization for long series of 1s or 0s
• Inability to encode binary data
• High susceptibility to noise interference

What is a disadvantage of Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ) encoding?

• Poor synchronization for long series of 1s and 0s
• High susceptibility to noise interference
• Limited voltage levels for encoding
• Inability to represent binary data

What is a drawback of Return to Zero (RZ) encoding?

• Poor synchronization for long series of 1s and 0s
• Limited voltage levels for encoding
• High susceptibility to noise interference
• Two signal changes to encode each bit, resulting in a higher pulse rate and requiring more bandwidth