CPE 409

The Internet’s largest backbone networks are strategically interconnected by core routers that connect the world’s multinational networks.

• Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

• Distribution routers
• Access routers
• Core routers

End-to-end (sender-receiver pair) data flows are divided into packets of a limited size

• Connectionless Packet Switching

• Concatenation
• Segmentation
• Packetization

a device that is connected to multiple networks through which it forwards packets.

• firewall
• router
• switch
• modem

comprise a data link layer that controls data transfer between neighboring nodes, and a physical layer that transmits data bits through both wired and wireless media.

• Router-Based Interconnectivity

• Transport Layer Protocol

• Physical Network

• Network layer and transport layer

use the IP to provide standardized, endto-end communication support that facilitates the navigation of data packets across the Internet.

• Transport Layer Protocol

• Physical Network

• Router-Based Interconnectivity

• Connectionless Packet Switching

Protocols such as HTTP, SMTP for e-mail, BitTorrent for P2P, and SIP for IP telephony use transport layer protocols to standardize and enable specific data packet transferring methods over the Internet.

• Transport Layer Protocol

• Physical Network

• Application Layer Protocol

• Connectionless Packet Switching

is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems

• Server room
• Computer lab
• Networking hub
• Data center

Data centers consist of both physical and virtualized IT resources. The physical IT resource layer refers to the facility infrastructure that houses computing/networking systems and equipment, together with hardware systems and their operating systems

• Virtualization

• Cloud computing layer
• Software-defined networking layer
• Physical IT resource layer

is process of converting a physical IT resource into a virtual IT resource.

• Virtualization

• Cloud computing layer
• Software-defined networking layer
• Physical IT resource layer

is computer software, firmware or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines

• Emulator
• Hypervisor or virtual machine monitor

• Simulator
• Virtualizer