Cell Communication

What is the process by which cells communicate with each other?

• Cell reception

• Cell division

• Cell isolation

• Cell signaling

Name the three main stages of cell signaling pathways.

• reception, transduction, response

• initiation, propagation, termination

• binding, activation, execution

• input, processing, output

Explain the concept of signal transduction in cell communication.

• Signal transduction in cell communication refers to the process where a cell converts an extracellular signal into a specific cellular response through a series of molecular events.

• Signal transduction is the process of cell division in response to external stimuli.

• Signal transduction is a term used to describe the process of cell death.

• Signal transduction involves the movement of cells within an organism.

What are receptor proteins and how do they function in cell signaling?

• Receptor proteins are found only inside the cell and do not interact with signaling molecules.

• Receptor proteins function by inhibiting cellular responses rather than triggering them.

• Receptor proteins are cell surface proteins that bind to specific signaling molecules, triggering a cellular response. They function by recognizing and binding to ligands, which initiates a signaling cascade within the cell.

• Receptor proteins are not specific and bind randomly to any molecules present in the cell.

Give an example of a second messenger involved in cell signaling.

• insulin

• nitric oxide

• calcium ions

• cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Describe the role of cell surface receptors in receiving signals from the environment.

• Cell surface receptors are involved in energy production within the cell

• Cell surface receptors only respond to internal signals

• Cell surface receptors play a crucial role in receiving signals from the environment by binding to specific molecules and initiating cellular responses.

• Cell surface receptors have no role in receiving signals from the environment

Name some common intracellular signaling molecules.

• ATP

• cAMP

• cGMP

• GTP

• cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, Ca2+

How do cells ensure specificity in cell signaling pathways?

• Random receptors on the cell membrane

• Specific receptors on the cell membrane

• Cellular chaos

• Unspecific signaling molecules

What is the purpose of amplification in signal transduction?

• To confuse the signal pathway

• To slow down the signal transmission

• To decrease the signal strength

• To enhance the strength of the signal

Explain the difference between ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels.

• Ligand-gated ion channels open in response to changes in pH levels.

• Voltage-gated ion channels open in response to a specific molecule binding to the channel.

• Ligand-gated ion channels open in response to changes in membrane potential.

• Ligand-gated ion channels open in response to a specific molecule binding to the channel, while voltage-gated ion channels open in response to changes in membrane potential.