Study Guide - European Revolutions

The Peace of Westphalia weakened the Holy Roman Empire by recognizing the sovereignty of each of the empire's more than 300 states. What does is mean when a nation is sovereign?

• A nation is independent and self-governing.

• A nation allows the practice of all religions.

• A nation places limits on the power of their ruler.

• A nation is absorbed within an empire and is no longer independent.

What is the concept of the divine right of kings, which contributed to the tensions leading to the English Civil War?

• Kings should be chosen by popular vote.

• Kings receive their power from God and are only accountable to God

• Kings must share power with elected representatives in Parliament

• Kings should rule as effectively as they can to bring glory to God

Which English political thinker believed in natural rights, including life, liberty, and property?

• Thomas Hobbes

• John Locke

• William Blackstone

• Oliver Cromwell

Who argued for a ruler with absolute power that brings order to society?

• John Locke

• William Blackstone

• Thomas Hobbes

• Oliver Cromwell

What was the result of the Glorious Revolution in England?

• Restoration of the Catholic monarchy

• Establishment of absolute monarchy where the king has absolute power

• Adoption of the English Bill of Rights that limited the power of the monarchy

• Formation of a democratic commonwealth

Who proposed the heliocentric (sun at the center) model of the universe?

• Nicolaus Copernicus

• Ptolemy

• Galileo Galilei

• Johannes Kepler

Who proposed that the universe was geocentric (earth at the center) and planets were orbs of light?

• Nicolaus Copernicus

• Johannes Kepler

• Ptolemy

• Galileo Galilei

Who was the first European to use a telescope to observe space and proposed that the planets were made out of material substance like Earth?

• Nicolaus Copernicus

• Johannes Kepler

• Francis Bacon

• Galileo Galilei

Who explained all motion in the universe by defining the 3 laws of motions and the law of gravity.

• Isaac Newton

• Galileo Galilei

• Francis Bacon

• Nicolaus Copernicus

Who developed the scientific method which establishes facts through systematic and unbiased testing/experimentation.

• Isaac Newton

• Galileo Galilei

• Johannes Kepler

• Francis Bacon