06Mar2024.Genomics.Lecture

What are orthologues in genetics and evolutionary biology?

• Genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation

• Genes related by descent from a common ancestral sequence

• Genes within a genome that arise by gene duplication

• Genes that carry out similar functions in different organisms but have evolved independently

Answer explanation

Genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation

What is the significance of orthologues in evolutionary biology?

• They are a result of convergent evolution

• They can evolve new functions

• They retain the same function in different species

• They help in understanding gene family expansions

Answer explanation

Orthologues retain the same function in different species, aiding in evolutionary studies by comparing gene functions across organisms.

What are paralogues in genetics?

• Genes related by descent from a common ancestral sequence

• Genes that carry out similar functions in different organisms but have evolved independently

• Genes within a genome that arise by gene duplication

• Genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation

Answer explanation

Paralogues in genetics are genes within a genome that arise by gene duplication, making them related copies of the same gene within an organism.

What can paralogues lead to in terms of gene functions?

• Convergent evolution

• Subfunctionalization

• Speciation

• Neofunctionalization

Answer explanation

Paralogues can lead to neofunctionalization in terms of gene functions, where one gene copy acquires a new function different from the original gene.

What do homologues encompass in genetics?

• Genes related by descent from a common ancestral sequence

• Genes within a genome that arise by gene duplication

• Orthologues and paralogues

• Genes that carry out similar functions in different organisms but have evolved independently

Answer explanation

Homologues in genetics encompass orthologues and paralogues, which are genes related by descent from a common ancestral sequence but have diverged due to speciation or gene duplication events.

What does the study of homologues help in understanding?

• Evolutionary relationships

• Gene family expansions

• Chromosome evolution

• Convergent evolution

Answer explanation

Studying homologues helps in understanding evolutionary relationships by identifying common ancestry and shared genetic material.

What are analogues in genetics and evolutionary biology?

• Genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation

• Genes within a genome that arise by gene duplication

• Genes related by descent from a common ancestral sequence

• Genes that carry out similar functions in different organisms but have evolved independently

Answer explanation

Analogues in genetics and evolutionary biology refer to genes that carry out similar functions in different organisms but have evolved independently, distinguishing them from homologous genes that share a common ancestral sequence.

What is the significance of analogues in evolutionary biology?

• They help in understanding gene family expansions

• They retain the same function in different species

• They can evolve new functions

• They are a result of convergent evolution

Answer explanation

Analogues in evolutionary biology are a result of convergent evolution, where different species independently evolve similar traits or functions.

What are syntenic regions in genetics?

• Genes within a genome that arise by gene duplication

• Genes related by descent from a common ancestral sequence

• Genes that carry out similar functions in different organisms but have evolved independently

• Segments of chromosomes in different species that are conserved

Answer explanation

Syntenic regions in genetics refer to segments of chromosomes in different species that are conserved, indicating shared ancestry and evolutionary relationships.

What does the conservation of synteny support in genetics?

• Evolutionary relationships

• Reconstruction of ancestral genomes

• Understanding gene family expansions

• Chromosome evolution

Answer explanation

The conservation of synteny supports the reconstruction of ancestral genomes by identifying the order of genes on chromosomes across species.