Human Genetic

What is the basic unit of heredity?

• Chromosome

• Protein

• DNA strand

• Gene

What is the role of dominant alleles in heterozygous individuals?

• They are always expressed over recessive alleles.

• They are only found in males.

• They are more common in the population.

• They mask the expression of recessive alleles.

Describe the process of protein synthesis in a cell.

• Protein synthesis is a spontaneous process and does not require any specific steps

• Protein synthesis involves only translation without the need for transcription

• The process of protein synthesis in a cell involves transcription, where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into mRNA, and translation, where the mRNA is read by ribosomes to assemble a specific sequence of amino acids to form a protein.

• Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and not in the nucleus

What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

• tRNA is responsible for breaking down proteins in the cell

• tRNA is involved in the synthesis of lipids

• tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

• tRNA acts as a structural support for the nucleus

What are the different types of genetic mutations? Provide examples for each type.

• All genetic mutations result in the same type of genetic disorder

• Point mutations involve a change in a single nucleotide, such as substitution of one base for another (e.g., sickle cell anemia). Frameshift mutations occur when nucleotides are inserted or deleted, causing a shift in the reading frame of the genetic code (e.g., Tay-Sachs disease). Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the structure or number of chromosomes, such as deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations (e.g., Down syndrome).

• Genetic mutations are always beneficial and improve an organism's fitness

• Genetic mutations only occur in somatic cells and not in germ cells

Explain the inheritance patterns of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive traits.

• Autosomal dominant traits are always lethal, while autosomal recessive traits are not

• Autosomal dominant traits can skip generations, while autosomal recessive traits are always passed from one affected parent

• Autosomal dominant traits are passed from one affected parent to approximately half of their children, while autosomal recessive traits can skip generations and appear in the offspring of unaffected parents.

• Autosomal dominant traits are only seen in males, while autosomal recessive traits are only seen in females

Discuss the causes and effects of Down syndrome.

• Down syndrome is caused by a virus and its effects include increased intelligence and improved facial features.

• Down syndrome is caused by a lack of chromosome 21 and its effects include decreased risk of medical conditions.

• Down syndrome is caused by environmental factors and its effects include physical strength and agility.

• Down syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, and its effects can include intellectual disability, characteristic facial features, and an increased risk of certain medical conditions.