Epigenetics: A Level

What is DNA methylation and how does it affect gene expression?

• DNA methylation is a process where DNA is replicated, which can lead to mutations in gene expression.

• DNA methylation is a process where DNA is broken down into smaller molecules, which has no effect on gene expression.

• DNA methylation is a process where DNA is transcribed into RNA, which can affect gene expression.

• DNA methylation is a process where methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule, which can affect gene expression.

Explain the role of histone modification in epigenetics.

• Histone modification plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression by influencing the accessibility of DNA to the transcriptional machinery.

• Histone modification is not involved in epigenetics

• Histone modification only affects RNA processing

• Histone modification has no impact on gene expression

What are non-coding RNAs and how do they contribute to epigenetic regulation?

• Non-coding RNAs are RNA molecules that do not code for proteins but play a role in gene expression and epigenetic regulation.

• Non-coding RNAs are not actually RNA molecules

• Non-coding RNAs are only involved in protein synthesis, not epigenetic regulation

• Non-coding RNAs have no role in gene expression or epigenetic regulation

Discuss the impact of environmental factors on epigenetic changes.

• Epigenetic changes are only caused by genetic factors

• Environmental factors have no impact on epigenetic changes

• There is no relationship between environmental factors and epigenetic changes

• Environmental factors can lead to epigenetic changes by altering DNA methylation and histone modification.

How does DNA methylation differ from histone modification in terms of mechanism and function?

• DNA methylation involves the addition of a phosphate group to the DNA molecule, while histone modification involves the removal of chemical groups from histone proteins.

• DNA methylation and histone modification both involve the addition of chemical groups to the DNA molecule.

• DNA methylation is associated with gene activation, while histone modification is associated with gene silencing.

• DNA methylation involves the addition of a methyl group to the DNA molecule, while histone modification involves the addition of chemical groups to histone proteins. Functionally, DNA methylation is associated with gene silencing, while histone modification can either activate or repress gene expression.

Describe the types of histone modifications and their effects on gene expression.

• Glycosylation, deamination, acylation, sulfation, and alkylation

• Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, isomerization, and deacetylation

• Acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation

• Hydroxylation, carboxylation, nitrosylation, dephosphorylation, and desumoylation

Explain the role of microRNAs in epigenetic regulation.

• MicroRNAs have no impact on gene expression

• MicroRNAs are not involved in epigenetic regulation

• MicroRNAs regulate gene expression by targeting specific mRNAs.

• MicroRNAs directly modify DNA sequences

Discuss the influence of diet and lifestyle on epigenetic modifications.

• There is no relationship between diet and lifestyle with epigenetic modifications

• Epigenetic modifications are not influenced by diet and lifestyle

• Only genetics can influence epigenetic modifications

• Diet and lifestyle can influence epigenetic modifications through factors such as nutrients, stress, exercise, and environmental exposures.

What are the potential implications of epigenetic changes in disease development?

• Increase in muscle mass

• Decrease in hair growth

• Changes in blood type

• Activation or deactivation of certain genes

Compare and contrast the effects of genetic and epigenetic inheritance.

• Genetic inheritance involves the passing of traits through DNA, while epigenetic inheritance involves modifications to gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.

• Genetic inheritance involves the passing of traits through RNA, while epigenetic inheritance involves modifications to gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.

• Genetic inheritance is only observed in plants, while epigenetic inheritance is only observed in animals.

• Genetic inheritance only affects physical traits, while epigenetic inheritance only affects behavioral traits.