Cognitive Approach 3 - Schema theory

What are cognitive schemas?

• Emotional responses to external stimuli

• Random thoughts that occur in the mind

• Physical representations of objects in the environment

• Mental representations that organize our knowledge, beliefs, and expectations

How do schemas influence memory processes?

• They have no influence on memory processes

• Only at the stage of encoding

• Only at the stage of retrieval

• At all stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval

What is an example of a social schema?

• A mental representation about oneself

• A stereotype

• A sequence of events

• A pattern recognition process

What did the study by Bransford and Johnson (1972) demonstrate?

• The effect of context on comprehension and memory of text passages

• The impact of music on memory retention

• The relationship between schemas and decision-making

• The role of context in pattern recognition

What is the concept of top-down processing?

• Data-driven cognitive processing

• Pattern recognition without prior knowledge

• Perception biased by prior knowledge or expectations

• Pure information processing based on reality

What did the study by Anderson and Pichert (1978) demonstrate?

• The influence of schemas on pattern recognition

• The role of context in decision-making

• The effect of context on comprehension and memory of text passages

• The impact of music on memory retention

What is the role of schemas in pattern recognition?

• They only influence bottom-up processing

• They help in finding meaning in unstructured stimuli

• They distort the process of pattern recognition

• They have no influence on pattern recognition

What is an example of a script?

• A stereotype

• A sequence of events

• A mental representation about oneself

• A pattern recognition process

What is the potential drawback of top-down processing?

• It has no impact on decision-making

• It can lead to biases and stereotypes

• It saves energy

• It leads to unbiased perception

What is the concept of bottom-up processing?

• Perception biased by prior knowledge or expectations

• Pure information processing based on reality

• Data-driven cognitive processing

• Pattern recognition without prior knowledge