Pre-Quiz for Fundamentals of Kinesiology

In a first class lever:

• The weight arm is longer than the force arm.

• The weight arm and force arm are equal.

• The force arm is longer than the weight arm.

• None of these.

Answer explanation

TOS: Knowledge

1. 1. First Class Levers

• - For balance and stability. Can also be for speed when force/effort is near fulcrum.

• - Effort Arm Length (EAL) is equal to Weight Arm Length (WAL).

• - Mechanical Advantage (MA) = 1

• - Ex: Atlanto-occipital Joint, Intervertebral Joint, Single Leg Stance

2. 2. Second Class Levers

3. - For power.

4. - EAL is longer than WAL.

5. - MA > 1 (at mechanical advantage)

6. - Ex: Tiptoeing.

7. - Least common.

3. 3. Third Class Levers

4. - For speed. The closer the effort is to the fulcrum, the more it is suited for speed.

5. - WAL is longer than EAL.

6. - MA < 1 (at mechanical disadvantage)

7. - Ex: Almost all Open Kinematic Chain (OKC) motions (such as biceps curls).

8. - Most common.

When a person radially deviates his wrist, the carpals on the radius will roll towards _______, and will glide towards _______.

• Abduction, Adduction

• Adduction, Adduction

• Adduction, Abduction

• Abduction, Abduction

• NOTA

Answer explanation

TOS: Analysis

Remember the Convex-Concave and Concave-Convex Rule:

1. 1. If a CONVEX is moving on a CONCAVE, the roll and slide will go in opposite directions.

2. 2. If a CONCAVE is moving on a CONVEX, the roll and slide will go in the same direction.

In this example, the wrist carpals have a CONVEX shape that move on the CONCAVE radius. Since rolling follows the movement of the segment, they ROLL AWAY FROM MIDLINE/ABDUCTION and SLIDE TOWARDS MIDLINE/ADDUCTION.

What movements are performed against resistance, with constant load and tension?

• Eccentric

• Isotonic

• Isometric

• Isokinetic

Answer explanation

1. TOS: Application

2. 
   1. Eccentric - Lengthening.

3. 2. Isotonic - No change in muscle tone throughout the contraction. (Tonic = Tone)

4. 3. Isometric - Contraction without change in joint position. (Metric = Measure)

5. 4. Isokinetic - No change in the rate of movement throughout the contraction. (Kinetic = Movement)

A patient has limited movement of the forearm. Upon inspection, there is LOM towards supination and normal range of motion towards pronation at the proximal radioulnar joint. What should be the direction of mobilisation if your goal is to increase forearm supination _______.

• Volar

• Inferior

• Dorsal

• Superior

• NOTA

Answer explanation

TOS: Synthesis

The radius has a CONVEX shape (see Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint). Using the Convex-Concave Principle, if the segment to be mobilised is CONVEX in shape, the direction of mobilisation should be opposite to the desired movement.

In this case, the goal is to increase supination (which is the forearm moving towards DORSAL direction), therefore the mobilisation of the radius is VOLAR.

When a muscle contracts to eliminate some undesired movement that would otherwise be produced by the primer mover, it is said to be a/an:

• Prime Mover

• Coordinator

• Synergist

• Fixator

• Antagonist

Answer explanation

TOS: Synthesis

1. Agonist - Prime Mover

2. Antagonist - Moves opposite the agonist.

3. Synergist - Assists the agonist and prevents unwanted movements from the agonist/prime mover.

4. Fixator - Stabiliser

True about Newton's Laws of Motion, except:

• There are 3 fundamental laws that govern all motion which deals with inertia, acceleration-deceleration, and action-reaction.

• Motions of a mass can be predicted based on the force applied on it.

• If the forces are not equal to zero, therefore the body is in equilibrium.

• NOTA

Answer explanation

TOS: Comprehension

Only if the forces are EQUAL TO ZERO that the body is in equilibrium according to Newton's 1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia).

The following statements are true of the Closed Kinematic Chain, EXCEPT:

• Stair climbing is an alternating closed-chain motion during the support phase of the extremity.

• The distal segment of the chain moves in space.

• All segments are required to move in the movement of one segment.

• The distal segment is fixed and proximal parts move.

Answer explanation

TOS: Comprehension

CKC movement involves movement of the proximal segment in space, not the distal segment.

The shape of articulating surfaces of uniaxial joints is either:

• Plane, Saddle

• Condyloid, Ellipsoid

• Pivot, Condyloid

• Hinge, Pivot

• Ball and Socket

Answer explanation

TOS: Knowledge

Hinge and pivot surfaces are examples of uniaxial joints under diarthrodial joints.

Rotation around the horizontal axis occur in this plane, and divides the body into left and right parts:

• Horizontal Plane

• Sagittal Plane

• Frontal Plane

• None of these

Answer explanation

TOS: Knowledge

1. Horizontal / Transverse Plane - Divides the body into upper and lower parts. Rotates around Y-Axis (aka Superoinferior or Vertical Axis).

2. Sagittal / Longitudinal Plane - Divides the body into right and left parts. Rotates around X-Axis (aka Mediolateral, Horizontal, or Frontal/Coronal Axis).

3. Frontal / Coronal Plane - Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Rotates around Z-Axis (aka Anteroposterior Axis).

When applied, first class levers can be:

• Levers that work at a mechanical advantage.

• Levers that operate at a mechanical disadvantage but one of speed.

• Levers of stability and speed.

• All of these

Answer explanation

TOS: Comprehension

First class levers have a mechanical advantage that is always equal to 1. This means that they function mainly for stability, but also for speed. (Source: Cate's Primary Anatomy by JV Basmaijan)