AP World History Vocab Civilizations In Crisis

Janissaires

• Christain boys who were essentially kidnapped, and became highly trained soldiers in the elite guard of the Ottoman Empire, given special privileges in order to ensure Christain loyalty
• Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)
• Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defated by British General Kitchener in 1598
• Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Ayan

• He became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1789, he attempted to modernize the army but they resisted. He was then overthrown. He was the last effort to reform the empire and many other empires have notice their decline and were taking much interest in it.
• The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. Was a reason that many peasants during this dynasty did not own there own land
• the long-awaited savior of the Muslim faith
• Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry

Sultan Selim III

• A member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-92). It advocates a return to the early Islam of the Koran and Sunna, rejecting later innovations; the sect is still the predominant religious force in Saudi Arabia.
• A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
• A brimless felt cap in the shape of a truncated cone, usually red with a black tassel
• He became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1789, he attempted to modernize the army but they resisted. He was then overthrown. He was the last effort to reform the empire and many other empires have notice their decline and were taking much interest in it.

Ulama

• Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry
• Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)
• A brimless felt cap in the shape of a truncated cone, usually red with a black tassel
• A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China

Wahhabis

• A brimless felt cap in the shape of a truncated cone, usually red with a black tassel
• A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
• Christain boys who were essentially kidnapped, and became highly trained soldiers in the elite guard of the Ottoman Empire, given special privileges in order to ensure Christain loyalty
• A member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-92). It advocates a return to the early Islam of the Koran and Sunna, rejecting later innovations; the sect is still the predominant religious force in Saudi Arabia.

Sultan Mahmud II

• a policy promoted by reformers toward the end of the Qing dynasty under which China would adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions
• Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments
• He was Sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1808-39. He enacted extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms. He abolished the janissaries. He created the Tanzimat reforms, which were carried out by his sons.
• A process of cultural change designed to make all citizens of the empire feel a part of a common Turkish heritage and society

Young Turks/The Ottoman Society for Union and Progress

• A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China
• Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid; also called "Young Turks"; desired to restore 1876 constitution
• Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)
• Capital of Sudan

The Tanzimat Reforms

• Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defated by British General Kitchener in 1598
• Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid; also called "Young Turks"; desired to restore 1876 constitution
• a Sudanese man who announced he was the Mahdi, setting off resistance to British expansion in Northern Africa
• Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909)

• Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world.
• Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry
• Turkish leader during the late 19th/early 20th centuries; originally agreed to a constitution that allowed for reforms but then suspended the constitution; caused significant reforms; brutally repressed non-Muslim people in his empire
• He was Sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1808-39. He enacted extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms. He abolished the janissaries. He created the Tanzimat reforms, which were carried out by his sons.

Fez

• (1877-1878) Had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War. As a result of the war, the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire.
• the long-awaited savior of the Muslim faith
• A brimless felt cap in the shape of a truncated cone, usually red with a black tassel
• A process of cultural change designed to make all citizens of the empire feel a part of a common Turkish heritage and society