Review S1

_________________ refers to judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, a particular prototype.

• Availability heuristic

• Fundamental attribution

• Confirmation bias

• Representativeness heuristic

Remembering how to perform actions is an example of:

• Semantic memory

• Declarative memory

• Procedural memory

• Episodic memory

'A memory for something that did not happen' is a description of _________memory

Hermann Ebbinghaus was one of the earliest researchers on memory and graphed the process of forgetting. According to Ebbinghaus, when is the time during which memories are forgotten most rapidly?

• The day after memorizing the materials

• Within the next three months

• Within the next six months

• The last 15 days

According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to:

• 
  become aware of the positive and negative consequences of their own behaviors

• 
  distinguish between good and bad behaviors

• reason abstractly

• take other people's perspectives

According to Piaget, children understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the ________ stage

• 
  sensorimotor

• preoperational

• concrete operational

• formal operational

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of:

• accommodation

• object permanence

• assimilation

• egocentrism

Which option is key while incorporating Vygotsky's theories in your classroom?

• Hands-on activities

• Learning Styles

• Discovery Learning

• Scaffolding

According to Vygotsky, which of the following is not true?

• Children construct knowledge.

• Cognitive development occurs in distinct stages.

• Development cannot be separated from its social context.

• Language plays a central role in mental development.

'Removing something unpleasant strengthens behaviour' is a definition of what?

• positive reinforcement

• positive punishment

• negative reinforcement

• negative punishment