PSY 3203 FINAL REVIEW

Suppose a memory is like a city you want to travel to. The retrieval paths you use to find the memory are like highways that lead to that city. Based on this analogy, which is the best strategy for memorizing?

• avoid building too many highways, because it is expensive (i.e., demands too many resources) to build highways

• build numerous highways that reach the city from many directions, so you have multiple ways to remember the answer later

• build toll roads (premium highways) so you can get to the memories as fast as possible with minimal traffic

• invest very little in building highways because you never know which highway will be the best road in the future

A child producing phrases such as "I goed" or "I runned" is an example of:

• overregularization errors

• phonetical errors

• semantical errors

• a lack of generativity

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates evidence for "zooming" on mental images?

• Increased reaction time when asked a question about a mouse next to an elephant

• Decreased reaction time when asked a question about a mouse next to an elephant

• Increased reaction time when asked a question about a mouse next to another mouse

• we cannot "zoom" on mental images

Participants were shown the top images, and when asked to reproduce them, drew the bottom images. This best illustrates:

• the impact of verbal labels

• dual coding

• poor memory for images

• boundary extension

Which term refers to our tendency to estimate the frequency of events with how easily they come to mind?

• illusion of covariation

• availability heuristic

• representativeness heuristic

• conjunction fallacy

According to the availability heuristic, we will ______ the frequency of emotional and unusual events because they are ______ to remember.

• underestimate; harder

• underestimate; easier

• overestimate; harder

• overestimate; easier

Research, particularly in asking participants to select a treatment to a flu breakout, shows that ______ can increase or decrease risk-seeking behavior.

• framing questions

• change of inflection

• belief bias

• confirmation bias

This figure illustrates the effects of:

• memorization

• context-dependent learning

• testing ability

• spreading activation

The claim that “language is generative” is the claim that

• The units of language can be combined and recombined to create vast numbers of new linguistic entities.

• Scholars have been able to invent an unlimited number of new words, allowing them to express any concept they wish.

• It is always possible to generate new sounds to add to the language.

• Language can be used to generate new knowledge and new discoveries.

In memorizing new material, the pattern of “dual coding” refers to

• steps that lead to both a verbal memory and a visual memory.

• the formation of a mental image in which the target item is in two separate relationships with its surrounding context.

• the process of encoding the material on two separate occasions.

• the strategy of encoding the material from two separate visual perspectives.