AP Psychology Unit 4: Learning Exam

The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as

• negative reinforcement

• spontaneous recovery

• shaping

• latent learning

• implicit learning

Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively?

• Grandmother's house; fear

• Grandmother's house; falling

• Fear; grandmother's house

• Falling; anxiety

• Anxiety; fear

A mental image of a spatial layout is called

• an algorithm

• a mental set

• a heuristic

• a cognitive map

• insight

Ahmet is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic reaction. Ahmet's reaction to the toy best demonstrates the process of

• spontaneous recovery

• secondary reinforcement

• latent learning

• generalization

• shaping

Andi's best friend always screamed when she was in high places, and now Andi also screams when she is in high places. Which of the following theorists would say that Andi screams because she saw her friend scream?

• William James

• Albert Bandura

• Charles Spearman

• Carl Rogers

• Sigmund Freud

Barney is a somewhat distractible second-grade student who finds schoolwork a bit boring. After a couple of minutes of working silently, Barney often starts to misbehave until his teacher, Ms. Skinner, calls his name and scolds him. However, he enjoys this attention from her and continues to misbehave. With respect to Barney's misbehavior, Ms. Skinner's attention serves as

• punishment

• positive reinforcement

• negative reinforcement

• differential reinforcement

• primary reinforcement

Which of the following best reflects contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning?

• They remain relatively unchanged from earlier interpretations by people like E. L. Thorndike.

• They are primarily based on the theory of contiguity.

• They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy.

• They are in agreement with the interpretations of behaviorists like B. F. Skinner.

• They make a clear distinction between long-term and short-term memory.

A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become

• a primary reinforcer

• a conditioned reinforcer

• a neutral stimulus

• a conditioned stimulus

• an unconditioned stimulus

Although people can acquire phobias to almost any object or situation, certain phobias (e.g., those to snakes, spiders, heights) are much more common than others. This finding can best be explained by which of the following concepts?

• Biological preparedness

• Spontaneous recovery

• Stimulus discrimination

• Stimulus generalization

• Observational learning

When a child behaves well for an entire day, the child earns a star. After acquiring fifteen stars, the child is allowed to pick a prize from a toy chest. The star is best described as

• an unconditioned stimulus

• an unconditioned response

• a conditioned response

• a primary reinforcer

• a secondary reinforcer