Interference and Retrieval Failure Quiz

According to interference theory, what is proactive interference?

• When a memory is distorted or blocked

• When a memory is forgotten over time

• When an older memory moves forward to interfere with a newer one

• When a newer memory moves backward to interfere with an older one

What did McGeoch and McDonald's study show about the effect of the similarity of information on interference?

• Interference becomes more likely the more similar the information is

• Interference only occurs with meaningful information

• Interference has no relation to the similarity of information

• Interference becomes more likely the less similar the information is

What did Baddeley and Hitch's study with rugby players reveal about interference and forgetting?

• Interference has no effect on forgetting

• Forgetting is not related to the number of games played

• Interference is a better explanation of forgetting than the mere passage of time

• Interference is not a better explanation of forgetting than the mere passage of time

According to the encoding specificity principle, what happens when associated cues are not present during recall?

• The memory becomes blocked

• The memory becomes stronger

• The memory becomes weaker

• The memory becomes distorted

What did Godden and Baddeley's deep-sea diver study demonstrate about context-dependent forgetting?

• Conditions in which the environment of learning matched that of recall resulted in a lower recall rate

• Conditions in which the environment of learning matched that of recall resulted in a higher recall rate

• Context has no effect on forgetting

• Context only affects certain types of memory tests

What did Carter and Cassaday's anti-histamine study show about state-dependent forgetting?

• Conditions in which the state of learning matched that of recall resulted in a lower recall rate

• Conditions in which the state of learning matched that of recall resulted in a higher recall rate

• State has no effect on forgetting

• State only affects certain types of memory tests

What has been suggested about the context and state effects in relation to cue-dependent forgetting?

• They have no effect on forgetting

• They are very strong and always lead to forgetting

• They only affect artificial memory tasks

• They are not that strong and would need to be very different for forgetting to take place

In a replication of the deep-sea diver study, what was found about the context effect when divers had to recognise words from the list?

• Context effects only occur in laboratory settings

• Context effects are not applicable to any type of memory test

• There was a context effect when divers had to recognise words from the list

• There was no context effect when divers had to recognise words from the list

What is the main difference between proactive and retroactive interference?

• There is no difference between proactive and retroactive interference

• Proactive interference occurs when a newer memory moves backward to interfere with an older one, while retroactive interference occurs when an older memory moves forward to interfere with a newer one

• Proactive interference occurs when an older memory moves forward to interfere with a newer one, while retroactive interference occurs when a newer memory moves backward to interfere with an older one

• Proactive interference only occurs with meaningful information, while retroactive interference occurs with meaningless information

What is the encoding specificity principle according to Tulving?

• Cues have no effect on memory recall

• When memories are created, associated cues are stored at the same time

• When memories are created, associated cues are not stored at the same time

• Memories are always recalled accurately without any cues