ngữ âm

Bilabial

• both lips combine together

• lower lippress against upper teeth

• tip of tongue is between upper and lower teeth

• tip of tongue touches alveolar ridge

Palato – alveolar/ post – alveolar

• front of tongue touches the part between alveolar and hard palate

• tongue tip curled up toward post-alveolar region

• – back of tongue touches soft palate

• comes from the glottis/ vocal cords

Retroflex

• tongue tip curled up toward post-alveolar region

• front of tongue touches hard palate

• back of tongue touches soft palate

• comes from the glottis/ vocal cords

Velars

• front of tongue touches hard palate

• back of tongue touches soft palate

• front of tongue touches the part between alveolar and hard palate

• tip of tongue touches alveolar ridge

Glosives

• airstream is constricted, causing friction when passing through organs of speech

• airstream is stopped, then released slowly with friction

• airstream is topped, then released with light explosion

• air passes through the nose when uvula is lowered

Fricatives

• gliding from one to another with little/ no obbstruction of airstream; tongue tip approaches alveolar ridge

• are made uwhen the air escapes through a narroư passage and make hissing sound

• airstream is stopped, then released slowly with friction

• airstream is topped, then released with light explosion

Afficatives

• air passes through the nose when uvula is lowered

• airstream is constricted, causing friction when passing through organs of speech

• air passes out at the both sides of tongue

• airstream is stopped, then released slowly with friction

Nasals

• air passes out at the both sides of tongue

• air passes through the nose when uvula is lowered:

• airstream is topped, then released with light explosion

• a gliding from one to another with little/ no obbstruction of airstream; tongue tip approaches alveolar ridge

Lateral

• air passes out at the both sides of tongue

• a gliding from one to another with little/ no obbstruction of airstream; tongue tip approaches alveolar ridge

• airstream is stopped, then released slowly with friction

• airstream is constricted, causing friction when passing through organs of speech