NEUROBIO PROBELM SETS M1

The experiments that caused the mice to become artificially thirsty (experiment 1) or aggressive (experiment 2), both involved manipulations of neural activity in the hypothalamus. How did manipulating the same brain structure result in such different effects?

• They activated neurons in experiment 1 and astrocytes in the experiment 2

• They activated excitatory neurons in experiment 1 and inhibitory neurons in

  experiment 2

• They used strong stimulation in experiment 1 and weak stimulation in experiment 2

• they activated nuerons in different hypothalamic nuclei in experiment 1 and 2

Why do we use secondary antibodies? Why don't we just attach labels directly to primary antibodies?

• adding fluorescent labels would make the primary antibodies too large

• secondary antibodies are more specific than primary antibodies

• primary antibodies are generally not synthesized in lab, but made using animal immune systems

• so the antibody companies sell more product

What are the three principle types of glia in the central nervous system?

• astrocytes, schwann cells, microglia

• astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

• neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

• elmer's, krazy glue, rubber cement

Which of the following is a function of the astrocytes?

• uptake and recycling of neurotransmitters

• making the myelin sheath

• electrical signaling over long distances

• identification and phagocytosis of pathogens

Why do we have unmyelinated axons? Why don't all axons have myelination if it make the action potentials faster?

• myelinated axons take up more space in the nervous system

• some signals do not need to be carried quickly

• additional glia cells mean that myelin is more metabolically expensive

Why do PNS neurons generally have thicker myelin than CNS neurons?

• signals in PNS are more crucial for survival

• PNS axons usually have a longer distance to travel

• PNS axons usually have a shorter distance to travel

• PNS axons are bundled into fiber tracts

Why are gliomas worse than neuromas?

• since glia are supporting cells, if glia die then neurons will die too

• because glia are necessary for myelin

• glia divide readily while neurons do not

• there are more glia than neurons

Why does damage to the brainstem often have serious consequences?

• Neurons in the brainstem control essential functions such as breathing, heart, rate, and wakefulness

• The brainstem links the cortex to the thalamus

• The brainstem links the cortex to the cerebellum

• The brainstem links the cerebellum to the spinal cord

What task do you think a patient with a cerebellar lesion would struggle with?

• Gross motor control (e.g., raising a hand in the air)

• Fine motor control (e.g., picking up a thumbtack)

• Initiating movement

• Concluding a movement

Patient E.P. had bilateral damage to his hippocampus. What deficit did this cause?

• Complete amnesia

• Lack of normal fear responses

• Inability to consolidate new memories

• Problems regulating homeostatic functions