Respiration

What are the muscles that play a role for active expiration?

• Diaphragm

• External intercosta

• Internal intercosta

• Scalenus

• Sternocleidomastoideus

What is the principle of acclimatization to low partial pressure of oxygen?

• Increased pulmonary ventilation

• Decreased hemoglobin concentration

• Decreased diffusion capacity after acclimatization

• Reduced ability of cells to use oxygen

• Decreased systemic capillary circulation activity

What is one form of natural acclimatization experienced by natives of high altitude areas?

• Increase in body size

• Increased amount of hemoglobin

• Decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood

• Smaller heart size

• Decrease in chest size

What are the conditions called that can be experienced by a diver when rising to the surface quickly after a long dive?

• Hypothermia

• Barotrauma

• Carbon monoxide poisoning

• Decompression

• Arterial embolism

What are the respiratory control centers that stimulate the inspiratory muscles?

• Dorsal respiratory group

• Ventral respiratory group

• Pre Botzinger Complex

• Apneustic center

• Pneumotaksic center

What is one of the conditions experienced due to high partial pressure on the body?

• Nitrogen narcosis at low nitrogen pressure

• Effects of oxygen transport due to low oxygen pressure

• Low amount of nitrogen dissolved in body fluids

• Oxygen toxicity due to high pressure

• Carbon monoxide toxicity

What is one of the causes of chronic mountain sickness experienced by people living in high altitude areas for a long time?

• Blood viscosity becomes greatly reduced

• Increased blood flow

• Improved oxygen transport

• The number of red blood cells drops dramatically

• The pulmonary artery becomes vasoconstrictive

In what form is most carbon dioxide circulated throughout the body?

• Physically soluble

• As bicarbonate

• Binding to hemoglobin

• As carbon monoxide

• With the help of acidity

What is the pressure gradient between alveolar air and blood in the pulmonary capillaries for the gas exchange?

• Low alveolar PO2 and high pulmonary capillary PO2

• High alveolar PCO2 and low pulmonary capillary PCO2

• High alveolar PO2 and low pulmonary capillary PO2

• Low alveolar PCO2 and low alveolar PO2

• PO2 high pulmonary capillaries and low pulmonary capillary PCO2

What is the pressure gradient between the systemic capillary air and tissue cells for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

• Low systemic capillary PO2 and high tissue cell PO2

• High systemic capillary PO2 and low tissue cell PO2

• High capillary capillary PCO2 and low tissue cell PCO2

• Low systemic capillary PCO2 and low systemic capillary PO2

• PO2 high tissue cells and PCO2 low tissue cells