Fourth

Why are experimental methods crucial in research?

• They allow for purely observational research.
• They can prove the third variable problem.
• They help demonstrate cause and effect.
• They are mainly concerned with the directionality problem.
• They help in understanding correlations only.

Which of the following is a key concern when it comes to observational research?

• Between-subjects designs
• Third variable problem
• One-way ANOVA analysis
• Restricted randomization
• Block randomization

In experimental research, what role does the Independent Variable (IV) play?

• It is always held constant.
• It is the outcome being measured.
• It is manipulated by the researcher.
• It is always a confounding variable.
• It is used for block randomization.

What is a significant disadvantage of between-subjects designs compared to within-subjects designs?

• They are influenced by time-related factors.
• They are susceptible to order effects.
• They require a larger number of participants.
• They give independent scores.
• They are mainly used in observational research.

Why might restricted randomization be employed in experimental research?

• To match participants based on a third variable.
• To create unequal groups for comparison.
• To counter the effects of the directionality problem.
• To manipulate the dependent variable.
• To observe the third variable problem.

In between-subjects designs, what do different treatments apply to?

• Different variables within the same sample.
• The same treatment to equivalent samples.
• Different treatments to different but equivalent samples.
• Different conditions of the IV to the same participant.
• Observational research conditions.

What is the core issue with the 'directionality problem' in observational research?

• It demonstrates the cause-and-effect relationship clearly.
• It's unsure whether one variable causes the other or vice versa.
• It always leads to confounding variables.
• It is specific to experimental research only.
• It is always due to a third variable.

Which method would be appropriate to compare scores between two conditions in between-subjects designs?

• Within-subjects test
• Pearson correlation
• Independent samples t-test
• Block randomization
• Dependent samples t-test

Why might an experimenter choose to hold a variable constant in a study?

• To manipulate the dependent variable.
• To eliminate or reduce the variable's influence on the outcome.
• To ensure random assignment.
• To focus on directionality problems.
• To ensure purely observational research.

When an extraneous variable varies systematically with the independent variable and affects the dependent variable, it becomes a:

• Third variable.
• Directionality problem.
• Confounding variable.
• Dependent variable.
• Primary variable.