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Transport

• Passive/facilitated diffusion does not require energy, but active transport does

• Primary active transport uses ATP as energy, and secondary active transport uses an electrochemical gradient as its energy. The electrochemical gradient is produced by primary active transport

Tonicity

• Refers to the movement of water

• Water moves from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration (down the gradient). Similarly, water moves from an area of low solute concentration to high concentration (think diluting)

• Must be specific when describing which are hypertonic, hypotonic, etc.

Energy

• First Law of Thermodynamics: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred

• Second Law of Thermodynamics: transferring energy will increase the entropy (disorder) of a system

• Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) will be negative when the reaction is exergonic/spontaneous and positive when the reaction is endergonic/nonspontaneous

• Potential energy is stored within the bonds of molecules, so breaking them releases energy (kinetic)

Enzymes

• Enzymes are proteins that have high specificity. Binding occurs at the active site

• They make reactions more favorable by ONLY lowering the activation energy

• Competitive inhibition is when an inhibitor competes with a substrate for the active site. It can be overwhelmed by the amount of substrate or inhibitor

• Allosteric inhibition is when an inhibitor binds to an allosteric site on an enzyme i.e. somewhere that’s not the active site

Prokaryote cell blueprint

• Smaller in size

• No membrane bound organelles

• Less complex

• Have cell wall

Eukaryotic animal cell

• Dna inside membrane bound nucleus

• Organelles.....Membrane-bound compartments,

  Each has a unique structure and function

• Variety

  shape, size, and organization of cells vary considerably

  Differences between species, specialized cell types

The Cytoplasm

• Region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane

• cytoplasm includes everything inside the plasma membrane

  cytosol

The Nucleus and Endomembrane system

• Network of membranes enclosing the nucleus, endoplasmic
  reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles, and
  plasma membrane
  

• l

Chloroplasts and mitochondria—
Endosymbiotic Theory

• 
  Contain their own DNA, divide
  by binary fission

• Mitochondrial and chloroplast
  genomes are very small;
  resemble bacterial genomes

What do membranes look like

• Fluid Mosaic Model

  Bilayer

• Cytosolic vs. Extracellular leaflet

• Hydrophobic vs hydophilic

  Lipids

  Phospholipids

  Cholesterol

• Proteins

  Carbohydrates