Chapter 2 Review

Match the following

• hypothesis

• method of data collection used to keep all the variables that affect behavior the same except for one

• moral decisions

• prediction about something that can be tested

• genes

• Personal choices that evaluate what is right and what is wrong

• scientific method

• means of increasing knowledge by observing, forming and testing a hypothesis, and forming a theory

• manipulative experiments

• parts of a DNA molecule that determines individual traits

Match the following

• naturalistic experiments

• method of data collection used to observe the same individuals over a period of time.

• social cognitive theory

• method of data collection used to compare groups of various ages at the same time

• longitudinal studies

• method of data collection used to only observe existing groups and record observations

• cross-sectional studies

• ideas that analyze the symbolic meaning behind behaviors

• psychoanalytic theories

• theory based on the assumption that people are affected by rewards and punishments, but their reactions are experiences

Match the following

• cognitive theories

• comprehensive explanations about why people act and behave the way they do and how they change over time

• observable behaviors

• things people do and say or the way they act

• developmental theories

• ideas about how people process information, think, and learn

• ecological theory

• assigning traits and behaviors based on a person's environment

• operant conditioning

• behaviors that continue when reinforced

Match the following

• genetics

• assigning traits and behaviors based on a person's biology

• classical conditioning

• theory based on the belief that a person's developmental stage should be based on what can be observed rather than making assumptions

• ethological theories

• behaviors associated with emotional responses

• behaviorism

• theory consisting of eight stages in which people must successfully resolve a psychological or social conflict before moving to the next stage

• psychosocial developmental stages

• the study of genes

Erikson believed that all humans develop in four stages

• True

• False

Sigmund Freud was a pioneer in applying sociocultural theory

• True

• False

Behaviorism is the belief that people's behavior is determined by their genetic makeup

• True

• False

Ecological theory is the assigning of traits and behaviors based on biology

• True

• False

Researchers must follow ethical standards when conducting research experiments

• True

• False

Vygotsky theorized that cognitive development depends on social interaction

• True

• False