Earth's System and Igneous Rocks

What are the components of the Earth's System?

• Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and solid Earth

• Mantle, Crust, Core, and Lithosphere

• Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Thermosphere

• Continental drift, Plate tectonics, and Seafloor spreading

What powers the Earth system?

• External and internal energy sources, Gravity, Coriolis acceleration

• Solar energy and wind

• Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes

• Tidal forces and magnetic fields

What does the geothermal indicate about the interior of the Earth?

• Temperature and pressure keep increasing towards the center of the Earth

• The Earth's interior is completely solid

• The Earth's interior is composed of different layers

• The Earth's interior is constantly changing

What is the Lithosphere made of?

• Crust + Lithospheric mantle of continental and oceanic. Made of rock brittle and solid.

• Molten rock and magma

• Water and ice

• Gas and dust particles

What is the average thickness of the Lithosphere? How does it differ for oceanic and continental lithosphere?

• 100km. Can range from 3-15km in the oceanic lithosphere and up to 250km in the mountains of the continental lithosphere

• 10km. The thickness is the same for both oceanic and continental lithosphere

• 500km. The thickness is the same for both oceanic and continental lithosphere

• 50km. Can range from 20-30km in the oceanic lithosphere and up to 100km in the mountains of the continental lithosphere

What are tectonic plates?

• Broken up, irregular, pieces of the lithosphere

• Layers of sedimentary rocks

• Volcanic islands

• Underground caves and tunnels

How fast are tectonic plates moving? Does the rate and direction of the plates change?

• Move by cm/year. Plates move differently depending on the size and location of the plate. Mostly due to plates moving over/under each other.

• Move by km/year. Plates move at a constant rate and direction.

• Move by m/year. Plates move in random directions.

• Do not move. Tectonic plates are stationary.

In what way are earthquakes and volcanic activity related to plate boundaries?

• They are the outcome of plates colliding and sliding along each other

• They are caused by meteor impacts

• They are random events with no relation to plate boundaries

• They are caused by changes in the Earth's magnetic field

What is isostasy? How does it work for the lithosphere?

• Causes the lithosphere to float on top of the asthenosphere. The thickness and density of lithosphere determines how high mountains rise above the surface on continents and on the ocean floor. Also determines how deep ocean basins are.

• The process of magma rising to the surface and forming volcanoes

• The movement of tectonic plates

• The formation of sedimentary rocks

What is the Asthenosphere? How does it differ from the lithosphere? What depth does it go to?

• The layer under the lithosphere. Asthenosphere is denser and hotter than Lithosphere. Solid and extends to depths of about 660km.

• The outermost layer of the Earth. Lithosphere is denser and hotter than Asthenosphere. Solid and extends to depths of about 660km.

• The layer above the lithosphere. Asthenosphere is less dense and cooler than Lithosphere. Liquid and extends to depths of about 100km.

• The innermost layer of the Earth. Asthenosphere is denser and cooler than Lithosphere. Solid and extends to depths of about 100km.